Physiological Disturbances in Fish Exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents

Larsson, Åke; Andersson, Tommy; Förlin, Lars; Härdig, Jan

doi:10.2166/wst.1988.0047

Cited by 64 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…However, the existence of a relationship between increased epidermal thickness and increased concentrations of effluents near the mill is strongly supported by other biological effects on perch near the same pulp mill, such as increased prevalences of a gill cover deformity (E. Lindesjoo, J. Thulin, B.-E. Bengtsson & U. Tjarnlund unpubl.). In addition, a physiological study of perch in the same area also demonstrated that toxic effects were most pronounced in perch from the area closest to the mill (Andersson et al 1988). Some other effects, including liver enlargement were observed in the whole effluent area.…”

Section: General Pathologymentioning

confidence: 88%

Histopathology of skin and gills of fish in pulp mill Effluents

Lindesjöö¹,

Thulin²

1994

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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This study was one part of the Swedish multidisciplinary project Environment/Cellulose, which aimed to study biological consequences of discharges from pulp mills with chlorine bleaching. One year after the disappearance of very high prevalences of acute fin erosion of perch Perca fluviatilis in a Swedish pulp mill effluent, the skin of the caudal fin exhibited macroscopic thickening, indicating hyperplasia of the epithelium. In a study of the same species 3 mo after the disappearance of the acute fin erosion, gills with shortened filaments as well as fusion of secondary lamellae were found. However, a morphometric study of cellular and non-cellular structures of the secondary lamellae of the gill 1 yr later could not demonstrate any differences between exposed and unexposed fish. A comparative study was made of goldfish Carassius auratus from a stream in New Zealand, used as a recipient for the effluent from a pulp mill producing pulp bleached with chlorine. Goldfish were found to have identical disease signs, acute and healed fin erosion, to those found in perch from the Swedish pulp mill effluent. Macroscopic thickening of the skin of the caudal fin was also found in the goldfish. The histopathology of the fins of these goldfish showing acute stages of fin erosion included edema and hyperemia in the demis, plus associated necrosis of the distal part of the fins. This study concluded that the fin erosion described could be found in several fish species inhabiting different pulp mill effluents, with the most likely etiology being a physiological disturbance induced by one or more of the many toxicants present in the effluents.

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Section: General Pathologymentioning

confidence: 88%

Histopathology of skin and gills of fish in pulp mill Effluents

Lindesjöö¹,

Thulin²

1994

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Here it was shown that toxic effects were most pronounced in fish from the inner area. However, some disturbances could be observed in the whole effluent area (Andersson et al 1988). The effects included enlarged liver, very strong induction of certain cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme activities in the liver, elevated levels of ascorbic acid in liver tissue, abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, marked effects on white blood cell pattern and alterations in the red blood cell status and in the ion balance, results which indicate that the immune defence system of the fish was impaired.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fin erosion of perch Perca fluviatilis and ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua in a pulp mill effluent area

Lindesjöö¹,

Thulin²

1990

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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ABSTRACT. Very high frequencies, up to 80%, of fin erosion of perch Perca fluviatiljs and ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua have been found in the area of a pulp mill releasing bleached kraft mill effluents, situated at the Swedish coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. In the effluent area, which was studied between 1984 and 1988, a gradient was established of both acute and healed fin erosion, showing decreasing frequencies with increasing distance from the pulp mill outlet. No fish from a reference area were found with these fin damages. Acute fin erosion was not found after 1984 which was congruent with a distinct decrease in discharge from the pulp mill. However, healed stages of fin erosion, i e. regenerated fin rays resulting in a very specific scar on the fins, were still present with highest frequencies closest to the mill. The study clearly indicates that fin erosion of perch and ruffe in the effluent area was caused by the bleached kraft mill effluents from the pulp rndl.

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“…Another hypothesis is that abnormal catabolic activities associated with accelerated growth or with a persistent stress response could be partly responsible for increased rates of deposition of lipofuscin in PMAs. Energetic disturbances have been reported in fish exposed to BKME, and increased metabolic rates are known to increase the rate of tissular lipofuscin deposition in aquatic organisms [29,30].…”

Section: Pigmented Macrophage Aggregatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pigmented macrophage aggregates: A toxic response in fish exposed to bleached‐kraft mill effluent?

Couillard

Hodson

1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-An epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate whether the density of pigmented macrophage aggregates (PMAs) and the prevalences of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions increased in fish captured downstream from a bleached-kraft pulp mill, causing induction of cytochrome P4501A enzymes (CYP1A). White suckers (Catostomus commersoni) sampled 10 and 95 km downstream from a bleached-kraft pulp mill in the St. Maurice River, Quebec, Canada, exhibited higher densities of PMAs relative to age in liver, spleen, and kidney than fish sampled 10 km upstream. White suckers were also sampled at three sites in the Gatineau River, Quebec, Canada, a reference river with a similar upstream/downstream ecological gradient but no pulp mill. In the Gatineau, density of PMAs was lower in the liver of fish sampled at the most downstream site, and there was no difference among sites in spleen and kidney. Higher growth rates have been documented at downstream sites of both rivers and thus cannot explain the increased density of PMAs observed at downstream sites of the St. Maurice River only. Density of PMAs did not differ between sexes or between fish with or without grossly visible parasites or granulomatous histological lesions. Although we cannot exclude the involvement of unknown infectious agents, density of PMAs appears to be a useful marker of bleached-kraft mill effluent (BKME) toxicity. Several known toxic effects of BKME could contribute to this response, including increased rates of lipid peroxidation associated with induced CYP1A and toxic hemolysis. Further field and laboratory studies are needed to evaluate whether the association between BKME exposure, induction of CYP1A, and increased density of PMA is consistent. Preneoplastic lesions were not observed in fish captured downstream of the pulp mill in the St. Maurice River, and only one case of biliary carcinoma was observed, at the most contaminated site.

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Physiological Disturbances in Fish Exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

Histopathology of skin and gills of fish in pulp mill Effluents

Histopathology of skin and gills of fish in pulp mill Effluents

Fin erosion of perch Perca fluviatilis and ruffe Gymnocephalus cernua in a pulp mill effluent area

Pigmented macrophage aggregates: A toxic response in fish exposed to bleached‐kraft mill effluent?

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