Physiological effects of dissolved oxygen are stage-specific in incubating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Wood, Andrew; Elliott, Nicholas; Frappell, Peter B.; Andrewartha, Sarah J.

doi:10.1007/s00360-018-1199-5

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Hypoxic treatments of rainbow trout embryo also affect subsequent growth and glucose metabolism ( Liu et al 2017a , b ). Exposure of Atlantic salmon embryos to hypoxia prior to hatching resulted in improved hypoxia tolerance of the hatchling, while hypoxia treatments during alevin development did not affect hypoxia tolerance of the alevin ( Wood et al 2019 ). Hence, the effects of hypoxia seem to depend on the frequency and duration and what developmental the treatment is applied and when the effects are measured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The life cycle of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) is simulated in aquaculture by rearing the juvenile fish in freshwater tanks followed by the transfer of the post-smolt fish to sea-cages, where they are grown to harvest size. Hypoxic stress is often experienced by salmon, especially during the transfer to sea and within sea cages due to high stocking density or high water temperatures, and impaired health growth and survival has been reported in farmed salmon under hypoxic conditions ( Hamor & Garside 1976 ; Remen et al 2012 , 2014 ; Kvamme et al 2013 ; Wang et al 2016 ; Vikeså et al 2017 ; Iversen et al 2005 ; Wood et al 2019 ). There is a growing interest in whether hypoxic exposure at early life stages could influence the resilience of the fish to future hypoxic challenges.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Low Oxygen Stress During Early Development Influences Regulation of Hypoxia-Response Genes in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Kelly

Johnsen

Burgerhout

et al. 2020

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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Survival and growth of developing salmonids are negatively affected by low oxygen levels within gravel nests in natural streams, and hypoxic stress is often experienced by farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) within hatcheries. Exposure to hypoxia during early development may have long-lasting effects by altering epigenetic marks and gene expression in oxygen regulatory pathways. Here, we examine the transcriptomic response to low dissolved oxygen (DO) in post-hatch salmon reared continuously in 30%, 60% or 100% DO from fertilization until start of feeding. RNA sequencing revealed multiple differentially expressed genes, including oxygen transporting hemoglobin embryonic α subunit (hbae) and EGLN3 family hypoxia-inducible factor 3 (egln3) which regulates the stability of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Both hbae and egln3 displayed expression levels inversely correlated to oxygen concentration, and DNA methylation patterns within the egln3 promoter were negatively associated with the transcript levels. These results suggest that epigenetic processes are influenced by low oxygen levels during early development in Atlantic salmon to upregulate hypoxia-response genes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Oxygen Stress During Early Development Influences Regulation of Hypoxia-Response Genes in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Kelly

Johnsen

Burgerhout

et al. 2020

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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“…Our findings suggest that salmonids exposed to constant hypoxia (~63% DO) or cyclical hypoxia (100–25% DO daily) during early development in under-gravel redds will not experience long-term physiological improvements once they have left the redd. Thus, the impacts of hypoxia in the redd are likely to be more immediate, such as decreased growth and development, and delayed hatching (Hamor and Garside, 1976; Matschak et al , 1997; Miller et al , 2011; Wood et al , 2019). However, hypoxia acclimation reveals marked plasticity in aerobic capacity during the juvenile life stage, which may help to support the energetic requirements of juveniles in environmentally variable freshwater rearing habitats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia during incubation does not affect aerobic performance or haematology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) when re-exposed in later life

Wood

Andrewartha

Elliott

et al. 2019

Conservation Physiology

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Hypoxia in aquatic ecosystems is becoming increasingly prevalent, potentially reducing fish performance and survival by limiting the oxygen available for aerobic activities. Hypoxia is a challenge for conserving and managing fish populations and demands a better understanding of the short- and long-term impacts of hypoxic environments on fish performance. Fish acclimate to hypoxia via a variety of short- and long-term physiological modifications in an attempt to maintain aerobic performance. In particular, hypoxia exposure during early development may result in enduring cardio-respiratory modifications that affect future hypoxia acclimation capacity, yet this possibility remains poorly investigated. We incubated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in normoxia (~100% dissolved oxygen [DO, as percent air saturation]), moderate hypoxia (~63% DO) or cyclical hypoxia (100–25% DO daily) from fertilization until 113 days post-fertilization prior to rearing all groups in normoxia for a further 8 months. At ~11 months of age, subsets of each group were acclimated to hypoxia (50% DO) for up to 44 days prior to haematology, aerobic metabolic rate and hypoxia tolerance measurements. Hypoxia exposure during incubation (fertilization to 113 days post-fertilization) did not affect the haematology, aerobic performance or hypoxia tolerance of juvenile salmon in later life. Juveniles acclimated to hypoxia increased maximum aerobic metabolic rate and aerobic scope by ~23 and ~52%, respectively, when measured at 50% DO but not at 100% DO. Hypoxia-incubated juveniles also increased haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration but did not affect acute hypoxia tolerance (critical oxygen level and DO at LOE). Thus, while Atlantic salmon possess a considerable capacity to physiologically acclimate to hypoxia by improving aerobic performance in low oxygen conditions, we found no evidence that this capacity is influenced by early-life hypoxia exposure.

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“…Additionally, the post-hatching oxygen sensitivity is largely independent of incubation temperature in Chinook salmon embryos (Rombough 1986). The greater tolerance to low oxygen after hatch is observed across a range of studies including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum)) (Ciuhandu et al 2005, Ciuhandu et al 2007, steelhead (O. mykiss) (Rombough 1986) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Wood et al 2019).…”

Section: Thermal Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To quantify the change in metabolism prior to hatching we determined through regression analysis that the metabolic rate, m, around hatching can for Fig. 2 A number of studies suggest the effect of low oxygen on post-hatch growth, respiration and survival is less pronounced (Rombough 1986, Ciuhandu et al 2005, Ciuhandu et al 2007, Wood et al 2019. Figure 2 illustrates that respiration was unaffected by temperature at MTDM for Chinook salmon and Fig.…”

Section: Thermal Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Process-based model of fish incubation survival for designing reservoir operations: a case study for Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon

Anderson

Beer

Israel

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Allocating reservoir flows to meet societal and ecosystem needs under increasing demands for water and increasing climatic variability presents challenges to resource managers. Often, regulated rivers have been operated to meet flow and temperature compliance points that mimic historical patterns. Because it is difficult to assess if this approach is efficient or equitable, new more process-based approaches to regulation are being advanced. This paper describes such an approach with a model of egg incubation survival of Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon (SRWRC, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Thermal mortality only occurs in a critical window around egg hatching when the embryo is most sensitive to temperature stress. The duration of the critical window has significant implications for Shasta Reservoir operations that are designed to control temperature during SRWRC incubation. Previous operations sought to maintain a low temperature over the entire incubation period. However, model analysis suggests that targeting cold water directly to the critical egg hatching stage provides higher survival while requiring less cold water resources. The calibrated model is publicly accessible through a web interface connected to real-time river and fish databases and a river temperature forecast model. The system is an example of the next step of river management that integrates databases with hydrological and process-based biological models for real-time analysis and for forecasting effects of river operations on the environment.

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Physiological effects of dissolved oxygen are stage-specific in incubating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Low Oxygen Stress During Early Development Influences Regulation of Hypoxia-Response Genes in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Low Oxygen Stress During Early Development Influences Regulation of Hypoxia-Response Genes in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Hypoxia during incubation does not affect aerobic performance or haematology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) when re-exposed in later life

Process-based model of fish incubation survival for designing reservoir operations: a case study for Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon

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