Physiological Neurochemistry of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Wood, James H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0614-7_16

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 576 publications

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“…A first order component dominating total uptake at high concentrations (e.g., higher than 1 mM in the cultured astrocytes) may represent diffusion or a carrier-mediated uptake with a KM greater than 2 mM. Serum and CSF concentrations of arginine are between 20 and 80 pM (Wood, 1982). Although the endothelial barrier between the blood and the astroglial cells has to be taken into account, one may assume that similar low arginine concentrations are found within the brain parenchyma in the vicinity of astrocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of L‐arginine in cultured glial cells

Schmidlin

Wiesinger

1994

Glia

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Uptake of radiolabelled L-arginine was studied in four different kinds of glial cultures, in astroglia-rich primary cultures derived from neonatal rat and mouse brains, in pure murine astrocyte cultures, and in rat glioma cells C6-BU-1. A saturable component of uptake was found in all cases with KM values between 15 and 35 microM and Vmax values between 0.8 and 2.5 nmol.min-1.(mg protein)-1. In addition, in all cell types a non-saturable component dominated total uptake at high concentrations of extracellular arginine. Rates of uptake of arginine were not affected when Na+ or Cl- were absent from the incubation buffer. Carrier-mediated uptake of arginine was reduced by depolarizing concentrations of K+ and strongly inhibited by an excess of lysine or ornithine. Histidine, asparagine, glutamine, citrulline, creatine, NG-nitro-L-arginine, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, or L-canavanine inhibited L-arginine transport to various degrees. Uptake of arginine was not reduced in the presence of serine or alanine cysteic acid, N-methyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, or 2-aminobicyclo-(2.2.1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid. Rates of uptake of arginine were increased when cells had been preloaded with lysine. Preincubation of primary cultures, but not glioma cells, with bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulated transport of arginine by increasing the Vmax value of uptake. This stimulation was dependent on protein synthesis. The results suggest that, at physiological concentrations, arginine is taken up into the glial cells with the help of the transport system "y+" for basic amino acids. In glial primary cultures, uptake of arginine appears to be regulated by compounds which also exert influence on nitric oxide synthesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of L‐arginine in cultured glial cells

Schmidlin

Wiesinger

1994

Glia

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“…36], Gin at an external concentration of 0.5 mM [37] is taken up into cerebral cortical neurons at a rate of 4 -6 nmol/ minx mg. This Gin concentration reflects that found in the cerebrospinal fluid [38,39]. The enzyme responsible for the conversion of Gin to Glu, phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG), is found both in neurons and astro cytes although with a higher activity in neurons [40,41 ].…”

Section: Glu and Gin Metabolism In Cultured Gabaergic Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Trafficking between Neurons and Astrocytes: The Glutamate/Glutamine Cycle Revisited

Westergaard¹,

Sonnewald

Schousboe³

1995

Dev Neurosci

198

120

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Use of ¹³C-labeled precursors for the neuroactive amino acids glutamate and GABA as well as [U-¹³C]glutamate and glutamine combined with NMR spectroscopy has allowed detailed studies to be performed on cultured neurons and astrocytes yielding new information about synthesis and metabolism of these amino acids at the cellular level. Thus, it has become clear that astrocytes metabolize glutamate extensively through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in a rather complex manner enabling the cells to generate lactate from malate. It has been shown that astrocytes can supply neurons not only with glutamine but also with TCA cycle constituents, lactate and alanine. Hence, an extended version of the glutamate/glutamine cycle is presented. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that citrate synthesized in astrocytes and released into the extracellular space can modify neuronal activity by regulating the Zn²⁺ concentration and thereby modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated depolarization.

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“…The chemical composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflects the state of the human CNS in health and disease (Davson, 1967;Fishman, 1980;Wood, 1980Wood, , 1982Wood, , 1983Cutler and Spertell, 1982). Long a powerful tool in organic chemical analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ('H NMR) has been shown to be more efficient than conventional chemical techniques for measuring small metabolites in biological samples.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid

Petroff¹,

Yu²,

Ogino³

1986

Journal of Neurochemistry

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High‐resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to analyze human cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with several neurological problems. The major metabolites measured included glucose, lactate, glutamine, citrate, inositol, acetate, creatine, creatinine, β‐hydroxybutyrate, alanine, and pyruvate. A drug vehicle, propylene glycol, was also measured. Alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid of these metabolites provided information concerning metabolism of the brain. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy offered a simple and rapid means of assessing these and other exogenous and endogenous compounds in diseases affecting the nervous system.

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Physiological Neurochemistry of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cited by 8 publications

References 576 publications

Transport of L‐arginine in cultured glial cells

Transport of L‐arginine in cultured glial cells

Metabolic Trafficking between Neurons and Astrocytes: The Glutamate/Glutamine Cycle Revisited

High‐Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid

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