Physiological regulation of reactive oxygen species in organisms based on their physicochemical properties

Abstract

Oxidative stress is recognized as free radical dyshomeostasis, which has damaging effects on proteins, lipids and DNA. However, during cell differentiation and proliferation and other normal physiological processes, free radicals play a pivotal role in message transmission and are considered important messengers. Organisms maintain free radical homeostasis through a sophisticated regulatory system in which these "2faced" molecules play appropriate roles under physiological and pathological conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including a large number of free radicals, act as redox signalling molecules in essential cellular signalling pathways, including cell differentiation and proliferation. However, excessive ROS levels can induce oxidative stress, which is an important risk factor for diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. An overall comprehensive understanding of ROS is beneficial for understanding the pathogenesis of certain diseases and finding new therapeutic treatments.This review primarily focuses on ROS cellular localization, sources, chemistry and molecular targets to determine how to distinguish between the roles of ROS as messengers and in oxidative stress. K E Y W O R D Shomeostasis, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen, redox signalling, signalling pathways 2 of 16 | HUANG ANd LI for the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer and cardiovascular disease. | SOURCES AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ROS | ROS sourcessecond messengers, what are the corresponding acceptors for these special ROS? To better recognize ROS, a new tool that can monitor changes in ROS levels and position in real time must be developed. Determining how to utilize the characteristics of ROS to treat diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, cancer and Alzheimer's diseases, is worth further exploration.

Aspirin Eugenol Ester Protects Vascular Endothelium From Oxidative Injury by the Apoptosis Signal Regulating Kinase-1 Pathway

“…In previous studies by our group, AEE attenuated the collapsed mitochondrial transmembrane potential induced by H 2 O 2 . ASK1, a potent ROS sensor, can sense the cellular redox status and channels cells with imbalanced oxidation status into apoptotic pathways (Huang and Li, 2019). In this study, ERK1/2, JNK or p38 were not activated in the first 2 h following H 2 O 2 stimulation of HUVECs, which was a different result than that of previous studies.…”

The Nrf2/HO-1 Axis as Targets for Flavanones: Neuroprotection by Pinocembrin, Naringenin, and Eriodictyol

“…The numerous diseases including neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders, diabetes, inflammatory disease, and chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, and kidney diseases are all good examples of OS-associated diseases. One common understanding in such diseases is that free radicals and/or ROS induce direct damage to macromolecules such as structural proteins and enzymes, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids [1]. The resulting tissue damage often in combination with exaggerated inflammation leads to cellular apoptosis.…”

Low-dose ionizing radiation as a hormetin: experimental observations and therapeutic perspective for age-related disorders

“…This assumption was subsequently confirmed in a variety of studies. Currently, it is commonly recognized that free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are important second messengers in various signal transduction pathways critical for cell growth and proliferation; so, they may play essential roles in multiple vital processes (Milkovic et al 2019;Huang and Li 2020).…”