Physiological role of indigenous milk enzymes: An overview of an evolving picture

Silanikove, Nissim; Merin, Uzi; Leitner, Gabriel

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.08.015

Cited by 103 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Our results are also consistent with previous studies showing that LPS challenge induces significant casein degradation and identifies milk PL as a major cause for this (Moussaoui et al, 2002;Leitner et al, 2004aLeitner et al, , 2004bLeitner et al, and 2004cSilanikove et al, 2006;Rossi et al, 2009). The biological implications of these findings have been discussed before Silanikove et al, 2006) and, therefore, these aspects are not discussed here in detail.…”

Section: Lps Challenge Is Reflected By Accumulation Of Inflammatory Isupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The biological implications of these findings have been discussed before Silanikove et al, 2006) and, therefore, these aspects are not discussed here in detail.…”

Section: Lps Challenge Is Reflected By Accumulation Of Inflammatory Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In parallel, LPS upregulates NO-cycle metabolism, which results in increased formation of nitrotyrosine, carbonyls and lipid peroxide; see Silanikove et al (2005 and2009b) for further details. The increased content of oxidized components in milk most likely increased their susceptibility to proteolysis Silanikove et al (2006). Casein-derived active peptides:…”

Section: Lps Challenge Is Reflected By Accumulation Of Inflammatory Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lipopolysaccharide challenge of the mammary gland in cows induces nitrosative stress that impairs milk oxidative stability

Silanikove

Rauch-Cohen

Shapiro

et al. 2012

Animal

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The aim of this work was to study the effects of mastitis induced by intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on milk oxidative stability, as well as to understand the underlying biochemical processes that cause such changes. LPS challenge was associated with nitric oxide burst from the surrounding mammary epithelial cells and consequently induced nitrosative stress that was induced by the formation of NO 2 d from nitrite by lactoperoxidase. This response was associated with an , 3-fold increased formation of hazardous compounds: nitrotyrosines, carbonyls and lipid peroxides. We sustained the involvement of xanthine oxidase as a major source of hydrogen peroxide. In consistent with previous findings, catalase has been shown to play a major role in modulating the nitrosative stress by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate. The current hygienic quality criteria cannot detect mixing of low-quality milk, such as milk with high somatic cells, and nitrite with high-quality milk. Thus, development of an improved quality control methodology may be important for the production of high-quality milk.Keywords: milk, cow, mastitis, NO and NO 2 d, plasmin system Implication In this study, we show that intramammary treatment with lipopolysaccharide induced nitric oxide burst that was associated with nitrosative stress that reflected the formation of hazardous compounds in milk: nitrotyrosines, carbonyls and lipid peroxides. These changes were associated with impairment in milk quality. Currently, very little is known about the presence of oxidative substances in commercial milk and their industrial and health implications. As mastitis is a prevalent problem in the dairy industry, this study stresses the importance of gaining further information on the effect of different forms of mastitis on milk composition.

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Section: Lps Challenge Is Reflected By Accumulation Of Inflammatory Isupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The biological implications of these findings have been discussed before Silanikove et al, 2006) and, therefore, these aspects are not discussed here in detail.…”

Section: Lps Challenge Is Reflected By Accumulation Of Inflammatory Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lps Challenge Is Reflected By Accumulation Of Inflammatory Imentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lipopolysaccharide challenge of the mammary gland in cows induces nitrosative stress that impairs milk oxidative stability

Silanikove

Rauch-Cohen

Shapiro

et al. 2012

Animal

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“…Similarly, when milk stored in the mammary gland was diluted with an isosmotic sucrose solution, the milk secretion rate increased suggesting that dilution of a chemical inhibitor occurred [9]. Casein phosphopeptides derived from activation of the milk protease plasmin disrupt TJ and inhibit milk secretion during extended periods of milk accumulation in goats and cows [10,11,61], although the exact mechanism by which this occurs remains to be determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced Physical Distension of Rat Mammary Glands Accelerates the Onset of Apoptosis and Involution

Phyn¹,

Davis²,

Dobson³

et al. 2017

J Cell Signal

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Objective: Weaning is a process that results in a reduction in milk secretion, an increase in mammary epithelial cell (MEC) apoptosis, and involution of the mammary gland. The local mechanisms initiating MEC apoptosis and involution are unclear, although the physical morphology of the MEC may influence cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix communication and thus may alter function. This study examined the effect of physical distension of alveoli on the early molecular events that occur at the onset of involution of rat mammary glands. Methods:Mammary tissue was collected post-mortem from lactating Sprague-Dawley rats at 0, 1, 3, and 6 h (n=6 per time point) following acute physical distension of an inguinal gland with isosmotic sucrose solution (0.8 ml; equivalent to ~6 h worth of milk accumulation) via the teat canal followed by sealing with adhesive (infused). The remaining teats on each rat were either left unsealed for pups to suckle (control), or were sealed to induce milk accumulation and mammary engorgement (engorged). Results:There was a low number of positive in situ-end labeled (ISEL) nuclei in suckled control glands indicating they had a low number of cells with fragmented DNA or were apoptotic. However, there was a greater number of ISEL nuclei in sucrose-infused and milk-engorged teat-sealed glands by 1 and 6 h, respectively, such that these changes were accelerated by sucrose infusion, compared with milk accumulation alone. The timing of the decline in abundance of β1-integrin (cell-extracellular matrix protein) and occludin (tight junction protein), and increase in abundance of the activated apoptotic marker signal transducer and activator of transcription factor-3 (pSTAT3) protein were also accelerated by sucrose infusion. Conclusion:Physical distension by sucrose infusion accelerated the onset of the first stage of mammary apoptosis and involution, supporting a role for mechanotransduction during these processes.

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“…First, a local mechanism such as frequent removal of the whey protein -the feedback inhibitor of lactation -might play a role in the increased milk yield, most likely due to dilution of its concentration in the milk (Henderson and Peaker, 1984;Wilde et al, 1995). Later, two other local regulators were also proposed as acting as feedback inhibition of lactation: (a) β casein1-28-milk enzymatic system (plasminogen activator, plasminogen and plasmin) that acted on β-casein to form a fragment (βCN1-28) (Silanikove et al, 2006) and (b) serotonin -a Figure 8 Average 305-day milk yield for non-affected cows (0) or cows affected (1) by metritis, ketosis or mastitis in control (3×) and experimental (6×) groups. *Significant difference (P < 0.05) between treatments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short- and long-term effects of high milking frequency during the first 21 days of lactation on production and reproductive performance in high-lactating cows

Shoshani

Cohen

Doekes

2017

Animal

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We examined short-and long-term effects of high milking frequency (HMF) for the first 21 days of lactation. The study included 122 Israeli Holstein cows -32 pregnant heifers, 40 cows in second lactation and 50 cows in >second lactation. Heifers were paired according to predicted transmitting ability and cows according to energy-corrected milk (ECM) production, age, days in milk and expected calving date. Thin cows (body condition score < 2.75) were not included. One cow from each pair was arbitrarily allocated to a control group milked three times daily (3× milking cows) and the counterpart to an experimental group milked six times daily for the first 21 days of lactation and then three times daily for the rest of the lactation (6× milking cows). During the first 21 days of lactation, 6× milking cows produced 9.3 kg more milk (26.5%) and 7.16 kg more ECM (19%) than the 3× milking cows. The higher milk production persisted throughout the entire lactation (305 days), as reflected by treatment × age interaction showing higher milk production for the first and second (7%) but not >second lactation cows relative to their control counterparts (−0.37%); ECM production was also higher in 6× milking first and second lactation (7.6% and 5%, respectively) but not for >second lactation cows. Furthermore, HMF had long-lasting effects, expressed as significantly higher milk production through the succeeding lactation in the previous first lactation cows (10%); a tendency toward significance in the second lactation cows relative to the controls (4.7%), but a deleterious effect on the >second lactation cows, reflected by lower milk production (−5.25%) than in controls; similar patterns were found for the ECM. For the entire 305 days of lactation, fat and protein yields were higher for first and second lactation cows, whereas protein yield for >second lactation cows was lower in the 6× milking v. control group. Given that HMF during the first 21 days of first or second lactation increases milk and ECM yields throughout the concurrent and successive lactation with no adverse effect on energy balance, mastitis, metabolic diseases or reproduction, it seems to be economically beneficial. However, caution should be paid for >second lactation cows due to absence of significant effect in the entire of the first HMF applied lactation and the deleterious effect in the succeeding lactation.Keywords: frequent milking, milk production, fertility, metabolic status ImplicationsThis work examined the effect of milking six times daily during the first 21 days of lactation on production and reproduction. Increasing milking frequency to six times daily for the first 21 days of lactation increased milk and energycorrected milk (ECM) yields throughout the experimental period and later, during the entire lactation, for first and second lactation cows. This effect persisted in the succeeding lactation. No adverse affect was found concerning energy balance, mastitis, metabolic diseases or reproduction. Collectively, it seems that this practice will ec...

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Physiological role of indigenous milk enzymes: An overview of an evolving picture

Cited by 103 publications

References 123 publications

Lipopolysaccharide challenge of the mammary gland in cows induces nitrosative stress that impairs milk oxidative stability

Lipopolysaccharide challenge of the mammary gland in cows induces nitrosative stress that impairs milk oxidative stability

Induced Physical Distension of Rat Mammary Glands Accelerates the Onset of Apoptosis and Involution

Short- and long-term effects of high milking frequency during the first 21 days of lactation on production and reproductive performance in high-lactating cows

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