Physiology and Biochemistry of Fungal Sporulation

Dahlberg, and K R; Etten, James L. Van

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.20.090182.001433

Cited by 106 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…For example, soil humidity is a major factor of fungal fructification (Bonet et al, 2008;Kawakami et al, 2004), as well as soil temperature (Li, 1979), or CO 2 concentration (Dahlberg and Van Etten, 1982). The age of the root system sampled can also be of critical importance for evaluating the ECM community structure (Gibson and Deacon, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Le chaulage forestier influence durablement les communautés d’ectomycorrhizes et de carpophores épigés

Rineau¹,

Maurice²,

Nys³

et al. 2010

Ann. For. Sci.

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Abstract• Liming is a forestry practice used to counteract forest decline in acidic soils. It consists of direct Ca and Mg input to forest soil, which restores tree mineral nutrition, but also modifies microbial communities in soil. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of liming on both belowground (ectomycorrhizal root tips) and aboveground (epigeous sporocarps) fungal communities.• Results showed that the modification of soil chemical properties (pH, and Ca-Mg contents versus total free Al and Fe concentrations) was a stronger factor of ECM community structuring than tree host. The species appearing in limed plots were ubiquist or known as good competitors and replaced acidophilic and stress species.• At the sporocarp level, tree host was a stronger factor of community structuring than soil chemical properties associated with liming. On the whole, there was a shift in the community composition from a typical acidophilic forest fungal community of medium altitude in the untreated plots to a less typical one, with the reduced dominance of acidophilic fungi while many late-stage forest species appeared.• We finally suggest a marker species (Russula ochroleuca) to assess both above and belowground effects of liming on ectomycorrhizal communities. Mots-clés : mycorhize / management des écosystèmesRésumé -Le chaulage forestier influence durablement les communautés d'ectomycorrhizes et de carpophores épigés.• Le chaulage est une pratique forestière utilisée pour restaurer la nutrition minérale des arbres apparaissant sur sol acide. Il consiste en un apport direct de Ca et Mg au sol forestier, ce qui restaure la nutrition minérale de l'arbre, mais aussi modifie les communautés microbiennes du sol. Cette étude évalue les effets du chaulage sur les communautés fongiques hypogées (apex ectomycorrhiziens : « ECM ») et épigées (carpophores).• Les résultats montrent que la modification des des propriétés chimiques du sol (pH et concentrations en Ca-Mg échangeables versus concentrations en Al et Fe échangeables) est un facteur de structuration de la communauté d'ECMs plus fort que l'arbre hôte. Les espèces qui sont apparues dans les placeaux chaulés sont ubiquistes ou compétitrices et ont remplacé des espèces acidophiles ou connues pour être associées à des conditions de stress.• Concernant les carpophores, l'arbre hôte est un facteur de structuration de la communauté plus fort que les propriétés chimiques du sol associées au chaulage. Dans l'ensemble, on a observé une modification de la communauté fongique, passant d'une communauté typique de forêt acide de moyenne altitude dans les placeaux témoins vers une autre moins spécifique, caractérisée par une moindre dominance d'espèces acidophiles et l'apparition de nombreuses espèces de forêt mature.• Nous suggérons enfin une espèce marqueur (Russula ochroleuca) qui permet d'évaluer facilement les effets du chaulage sur les communautés de champignons mycorrhiziens, aussi bien du point de vue des apex mycorrhiziens que des carpophores.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Le chaulage forestier influence durablement les communautés d’ectomycorrhizes et de carpophores épigés

Rineau¹,

Maurice²,

Nys³

et al. 2010

Ann. For. Sci.

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“…As such, zero growth differs from starvation, which is coupled to cellular deterioration, loss of activity, and ultimately, cell death (1,2). Zero growth also differs from differentiated survival states, such as bacterial or fungal spores, in which metabolism comes to a standstill (3). Conversely, under zero-growth conditions, microbes exclusively use available substrates for processes that contribute to maintenance of cellular integrity and homeostasis (4)(5)(6)(7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Physiological and Transcriptional Responses of Different Industrial Microbes at Near-Zero Specific Growth Rates

Ercan

Bisschops

Overkamp

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The current knowledge of the physiology and gene expression of industrially relevant microorganisms is largely based on laboratory studies under conditions of rapid growth and high metabolic activity. However, in natural ecosystems and industrial processes, microbes frequently encounter severe calorie restriction. As a consequence, microbial growth rates in such settings can be extremely slow and even approach zero. Furthermore, uncoupling microbial growth from product formation, while cellular integrity and activity are maintained, offers perspectives that are economically highly interesting. Retentostat cultures have been employed to investigate microbial physiology at (near-)zero growth rates. This minireview compares information from recent physiological and gene expression studies on retentostat cultures of the industrially relevant microorganisms Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger. Shared responses of these organisms to (near-)zero growth rates include increased stress tolerance and a downregulation of genes involved in protein synthesis. Other adaptations, such as changes in morphology and (secondary) metabolite production, were species specific. This comparison underlines the industrial and scientific significance of further research on microbial (near-)zero growth physiology. Most research in microbial physiology focuses on growing cells, although under natural and industrial conditions, microbes frequently encounter a state in which neither growth nor deterioration of cells occurs. However, the experimental design to study microbes in this clearly relevant physiological state is far from trivial.In this minireview, we define zero growth as a nongrowing state in which the viability and metabolic activity of a microbial culture are maintained for prolonged periods. As such, zero growth differs from starvation, which is coupled to cellular deterioration, loss of activity, and ultimately, cell death (1, 2). Zero growth also differs from differentiated survival states, such as bacterial or fungal spores, in which metabolism comes to a standstill (3). Conversely, under zero-growth conditions, microbes exclusively use available substrates for processes that contribute to maintenance of cellular integrity and homeostasis (4-7). Such processes include homeostasis of transmembrane gradients of protons and solutes, defense and repair systems, osmoregulation, and protein turnover (8, 9).In classical food fermentation processes, (near-)zero growth occurs during prolonged periods of extremely restricted availability of energy substrates. Examples include cheese ripening by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (10-12), wine fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (13,14), and natto fermentation by Bacillus subtilis (15). Despite the severely energy-limiting conditions, microbes manage to survive in these processes for many weeks, while continuing to produce aroma and flavor compounds in the product matrix (10,13,15,16). Another incentive for studying...

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“…Asexual spores of higher fungi are generally called conidia (16). In many plant-pathogenic fungi, asexual spores are the infectious propagules responsible for initiating infection as well as disease dissemination (18). Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms controlling asexual sporulation in plant-pathogenic fungi will contribute to the search for a target for disease control through reducing primary inocula and spread of disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

FoSTUA, Encoding a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein, Differentially Regulates Development of Three Kinds of Asexual Spores, Macroconidia, Microconidia, and Chlamydospores, in the Fungal Plant PathogenFusarium oxysporum

Ohara

Tsuge

2004

Eukaryot Cell

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The soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum causes vascular wilt of a wide variety of plant species. F. oxysporum produces three kinds of asexual spores, macroconidia, microconidia, and chlamydospores. Falcate macroconidia are formed generally from terminal phialides on conidiophores and rarely from intercalary phialides on hyphae. Ellipsoidal microconidia are formed from intercalary phialides on hyphae. Globose chlamydospores with thick walls are developed by the modification of hyphal and conidial cells. Here we describe FoSTUA of F. oxysporum, which differentially regulates the development of macroconidia, microconidia, and chlamydospores. FoSTUA encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein with similarity to Aspergillus nidulans StuA, which has been identified as a transcriptional regulator controlling conidiation. Nuclear localization of FoStuA was verified by using strains expressing FoStuA-green fluorescent protein fusions. The FoSTUA-targeted mutants exhibited normal microconidium formation in cultures. However, the mutants lacked conidiophores and produced macroconidia at low frequencies only from intercalary phialides. Thus, FoSTUA appears to be necessary to induce conidiophore differentiation. In contrast, chlamydospore formation was dramatically promoted in the mutants. These data demonstrate that FoStuA is a positive regulator and a negative regulator for the development of macroconidia and chlamydospores, respectively, and is dispensable for microconidium formation in cultures. The disease-causing ability of F. oxysporum was not affected by mutations in FoSTUA. However, the mutants produced markedly fewer macroconidia and microconidia in infected plants than the wild type. These results suggest that FoSTUA also has an important role for microconidium formation specifically in infected plants.

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Physiology and Biochemistry of Fungal Sporulation

Cited by 106 publications

References 61 publications

Le chaulage forestier influence durablement les communautés d’ectomycorrhizes et de carpophores épigés

Le chaulage forestier influence durablement les communautés d’ectomycorrhizes et de carpophores épigés

Physiological and Transcriptional Responses of Different Industrial Microbes at Near-Zero Specific Growth Rates

FoSTUA, Encoding a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein, Differentially Regulates Development of Three Kinds of Asexual Spores, Macroconidia, Microconidia, and Chlamydospores, in the Fungal Plant PathogenFusarium oxysporum

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