Physiology and immunology of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infections of salmonids

Wagner, Glenn N.; Fast, Mark D.; Johnson, Stewart C.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.010

Cited by 154 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…However, a comparison of lice abundance between wild fishes and epizootics suggests that lice may sometimes be sufficiently abundant to cause host mortality under natural conditions (Costello 2006). Recent reviews have stated that greater than 0.5 to 0.75 mobile L. salmonis per gram host weight, or more than 5 to 10 per fish (greater than 0.1 lice g 21 fish) can be pathogenic to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Costello 2006;Wagner et al 2007). Todd et al (2006) found that 0.2 to 0.7 L. salmonis per gram were pathogenic to the sea trout S. trutta.…”

Section: Research Progress (A) Larval Dispersal and Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These pink salmon were less than 1 g in weight so these levels are similar to levels pathogenic to the Salmo species. However, pathogenicity varies with host size, species and other health conditions (Costello 2006;Wagner et al 2007;Bravo et al 2008), and how fish sensitivity changes with size and age needs to be better quantified (Krkošek in press).…”

Section: Research Progress (A) Larval Dispersal and Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere

2009

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Fishes farmed in sea pens may become infested by parasites from wild fishes and in turn become point sources for parasites. Sea lice, copepods of the family Caligidae, are the best-studied example of this risk. Sea lice are the most significant parasitic pathogen in salmon farming in Europe and the Americas, are estimated to cost the world industry E300 million a year and may also be pathogenic to wild fishes under natural conditions. Epizootics, characteristically dominated by juvenile (copepodite and chalimus) stages, have repeatedly occurred on juvenile wild salmonids in areas where farms have sea lice infestations, but have not been recorded elsewhere. This paper synthesizes the literature, including modelling studies, to provide an understanding of how one species, the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, can infest wild salmonids from farm sources. Three-dimensional hydrographic models predicted the distribution of the planktonic salmon lice larvae best when they accounted for wind-driven surface currents and larval behaviour. Caligus species can also cause problems on farms and transfer from farms to wild fishes, and this genus is cosmopolitan. Sea lice thus threaten finfish farming worldwide, but with the possible exception of L. salmonis, their host relationships and transmission adaptations are unknown. The increasing evidence that lice from farms can be a significant cause of mortality on nearby wild fish populations provides an additional challenge to controlling lice on the farms and also raises conservation, economic and political issues about how to balance aquaculture and fisheries resource management.

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Section: Research Progress (A) Larval Dispersal and Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Research Progress (A) Larval Dispersal and Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere

2009

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“…Parasites negatively influence host fitness, and in response, hosts develop anti-parasitic defenses, for example, a functional immune system, to reduce the fitness cost induced by parasitism (SHELDON; VERHULST, 1996). Sea louse cause a local inflammatory response and blood loss at the site of attachment but do not appear to suppress host defense mechanisms during the early stages of infestation (TAVARES-DIAS et al, 2007;WAGNER et al, 2008). Parasitic infestations can influence blood parameters, such as anemia and white cells count unbalances in other host fishes (HORTON;OKAMURA, 2003;MARTINS et al, 2004;SILVA-SOUZA et al, 2000;TAVARES-DIAS et al, 1999, 2002WAGNER et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hematological changes in Eleginops maclovinus during an experimental Caligus rogercresseyi infestation

Peña-Rehbein

Ruiz

Ortloff

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Eleginops maclovinus has been an important fishery resource in Chile since 1957. Caligus rogercresseyi is one of the most prevalent ectoparasite species found on E. maclovinus. Hematocrit, hemoglobin level, red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and differential white blood cell count were determined before and after an experimental infestation with C. rogercresseyi. We found significant differences in the hemoglobin level, WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, hematocrit level and RBC between infested and uninfested fish. Furthermore correlations between number of C. rogercresseyi with hematocrit, MCHC, neutrophil, eosinophil and lymphocyte counts were found. Hematological reference ranges of E. maclovinus in captivity conditions were also established.

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“…For example, Grayson 11 demonstrated that the immunization of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with a partially purified extract of Lepeophtheirus salmonis and of Caligus elongatus resulted in partial immunity against L. salmonis copepodites. Other studies have considered the physiological and immunological relationship between L. salmonis and its host, indicating variations in the host's immune response when faced with an ectoparasite attack after being infected with it 12 . Furthermore, studies indicate that ectoparasites produce compounds that limit the immune response of the affected fish 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FATTY ACID IN ECTOPARASITE COPEPODS FROM SOUTHERN CHILE CALIGUS ROGERCRESSEYI BOXSHALL & BRAVO 2000, LEPEOPHTHEIRUS MUGILOIDIS VILLALBA & DURAN 1985 AND THE FREE-LIVING SPECIES TIGRIOPUS SP

Hormazábal

Asencio

Carvajal

et al. 2009

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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This work presents the fatty acid composition of copepod species in southern Chile: two of them that are ectoparasites on Eleginops maclovinus (Caligus rogercresseyi and Lepeophtheirus mugiloidis) and one free-living species (Tigriopus sp.). C. rogercresseyi females from different hosts (Salmo salar and E. Maclovinus). Fatty acid methyl esters were determined with GC-MS.The studied species presented a wide variety of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with compounds having from 12 to 24 carbons. The studied species had different percentage compositions of the acids identified. In all three species, palmitic (C 16 ) and oleic (C 18:1 ) fatty acids dominated the percentage concentrations. The highest percentage concentration (46.59 %) was found for palmitic acid in Tigriopus. Only the females of C. rogercresseyi analyzed were found to have myristoleic acid (C 14:1 ).Stearic (C 18 ) and oleic (C 18:1 ) acids were present in both C. rogercresseyi males and females, but with different distributions. Oleic acid in females was 33.97 % and only 7.64 % in males, whereas stearic acid was 9.95 % in females and 21.51 % in males. The C. rogercresseyi on Patagonian blennie (Eleginops maclovinus) revealed 3.89% C 20:4 and 9.60 % C 20:5 . Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, detected only in the ectoparasitic copepods, had percentage concentrations of up to 10 %. The possible role of this fatty acid in the stimulation of innate fish immunity is discussed.

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Physiology and immunology of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infections of salmonids

Cited by 154 publications

References 47 publications

How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere

How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere

Hematological changes in Eleginops maclovinus during an experimental Caligus rogercresseyi infestation

FATTY ACID IN ECTOPARASITE COPEPODS FROM SOUTHERN CHILE CALIGUS ROGERCRESSEYI BOXSHALL & BRAVO 2000, LEPEOPHTHEIRUS MUGILOIDIS VILLALBA & DURAN 1985 AND THE FREE-LIVING SPECIES TIGRIOPUS SP

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