Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants

Rao, K. Ramakrishna; Raghavendra, Agepati S.; Reddy, Kiran K.

doi:10.1007/1-4020-4225-6

Cited by 116 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 777 publications

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“…Soil salinity and sodicity have contributed to the changes in land use/land cover features over the years, which are directly related to land degradation and results in many changes in the environment [39]. More than 20% of the total agricultural lands are affected by high salinity [38,[40][41][42], which accounts for more than 7% of the world's total land area [23,43]. It has been reported that the majority of the SAS occur mainly in the arid and semiarid regions of Asia, Australia, and South America, covering an estimated 1 billion ha [36].…”

Section: Classes Of Sasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, and Mg play important physiological functions in plants, and their replacement by Na and Cl may lead to nutritional imbalances [47]. For the optimum growth and yield of crops, an adequate and balanced supply of mineral nutrients is essential [42]. High contents of Na and Cl in the rhizosphere can interfere with the uptake of essential elements, leading to their deficiencies or imbalances [71,72] through the processes of fixation, adsorption, and transformation in soil [18].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Salt Stress In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salt Stress in Plants and Amelioration Strategies: A Critical Review

Roy¹,

Chowdhury²

2021

Abiotic Stress in Plants

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High salt concentration in soil is a major abiotic stress, which adversely influences the growth, overall development, and productivity of crops. More than 20% of the land of the world used for crop production is adversely affected by high salt concentration. The problem of salt stress becomes a major concern when previously fertile, productive agricultural lands are salinized more profoundly as a result of anthropogenic activities along with natural causes. Therefore, this review is focused on various aspects of salt-affected soils (SAS), their effects on plants, and different approaches for reclamation of SAS to enhance the potentiality for crop production. Salt-affected soils are categorized into saline, saline-sodic, and sodic soils based on the amount of total soluble salts as expressed by electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and soil pH. The inhibition of plant growth in saline soils is mainly induced by osmotic stress; reduced uptake of essential macro-and micronutrients, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu); and specific toxicities of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). Sodic soils adversely affect the plant through high soil pH and poor physical condition resulting from an excessive amount of exchangeable Na. Different plants respond to salt stress in different extents. Saltaffected soils must be reclaimed to restore their productivity for increasing food production. The approaches for the management of SAS include leaching, incorporation of different organic and inorganic amendments, mulching, and development of salt-tolerant crops. The suitability of approaches depends on several considerations such as cost of reclamation, the time required, the extent of the salt stress, soil properties, availability of technology, and other environmental factors. Among different strategies, the incorporation of organic amendments is beneficial, costeffective, environment friendly, and sustainable for amelioration of salt stress and enhancement of crop production due to the extensive roles of organic amendments in improving the soil's physical (structural stability, porosity, and permeability), chemical [pH, EC, ESP, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and Na leaching], and biological and/or biochemical (microbial abundance, microbial activity, biomass carbon, and enzymatic activities) properties.

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Section: Classes Of Sasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanisms Of Salt Stress In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt Stress in Plants and Amelioration Strategies: A Critical Review

Roy¹,

Chowdhury²

2021

Abiotic Stress in Plants

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“…The imbalance between nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis under salinity could be responsible for the increase of free amino acids in roots and shoots of plants under salinity (Silveira et al, 2001). In particular, salinity greatly increases the levels of proline and glycine betaine in durum wheat (Munns, 2002; Carillo et al, 2008), as in other Poaceae (Sairam and Tyagi, 2004; Carillo et al, 2005; Ashraf and Foolad, 2007). In many halophytes, leaf concentration of proline, GB or both contributes to the osmotic pressure in the cell as a whole (Flowers et al, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durum Wheat Roots Adapt to Salinity Remodeling the Cellular Content of Nitrogen Metabolites and Sucrose

et al. 2017

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Plants are currently experiencing increasing salinity problems due to irrigation with brackish water. Moreover, in fields, roots can grow in soils which show spatial variation in water content and salt concentration, also because of the type of irrigation. Salinity impairs crop growth and productivity by inhibiting many physiological and metabolic processes, in particular nitrate uptake, translocation, and assimilation. Salinity determines an increase of sap osmolality from about 305 mOsmol kg−1 in control roots to about 530 mOsmol kg−1 in roots under salinity. Root cells adapt to salinity by sequestering sodium in the vacuole, as a cheap osmoticum, and showing a rearrangement of few nitrogen-containing metabolites and sucrose in the cytosol, both for osmotic adjustment and oxidative stress protection, thus providing plant viability even at low nitrate levels. Mainly glycine betaine and sucrose at low nitrate concentration, and glycine betaine, asparagine and proline at high nitrate levels can be assumed responsible for the osmotic adjustment of the cytosol, the assimilation of the excess of ammonium and the scavenging of ROS under salinity. High nitrate plants with half of the root system under salinity accumulate proline and glutamine in both control and salt stressed split roots, revealing that osmotic adjustment is not a regional effect in plants. The expression level and enzymatic activities of asparagine synthetase and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, as well as other enzymatic activities of nitrogen and carbon metabolism, are analyzed.

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“…No stress symptoms were observed. Pigment content and the chlorophyll to carotenoid ratio change dramatically under suboptimal conditions (e. g. salt stress) (Sairam & Tyagi, 2004;Hussein et al, 2014) and may be accompa- nied by a significant increase of NPQ (Pak et al, 2009;Dongsansuk, 2013), suggesting weaker protection from higher intensities of light. No such change was observed during our experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE A water-soluble [60]fullerene-derivative stimulates chlorophyll accumulation and has no toxic effect on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

et al. 2019

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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (WT 2137) P. A. Dang. (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) is a green microalgae serving as a suitable model in scientific research and a promising industrial biotechnology platform for production of biofuel, hydrogen and recombinant proteins. Fullerenes (C60) are allotropic carbon nanoparticles discovered in 1985 and used in biomedical studies since the early 1990s, when water solubilization methodologies were developed. Recently, surface-modified hydroxylated derivatives of fullerenes were proven to enhance algal growth and drought tolerance in plants. Here, a novel type of water-soluble [60]fullerene derivative with 12 glycine residues (GF) has been synthesized and tested for acute toxicity (up to 50 µg/ml) and as a potential biostimulant of algal growth. The effects of GF on pigment composition and growth rate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were systematically investigated. Our results suggest that GF was not toxic, and no negative change in the pigment content and no stress symptoms were observed. No changes in the photosynthetic parameters based on the fluorescence of chlorophyll a in Photosystem II (NPQ, Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, PI and RC/ABS) were observed. The GF had no effect on cell size and growth rate. At a concentration of 20 µg/ml, GF stimulated chlorophyll accumulation in 3-day-old cultures.

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Physiology and Molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants

Cited by 116 publications

References 777 publications

Salt Stress in Plants and Amelioration Strategies: A Critical Review

Salt Stress in Plants and Amelioration Strategies: A Critical Review

Durum Wheat Roots Adapt to Salinity Remodeling the Cellular Content of Nitrogen Metabolites and Sucrose

THE A water-soluble [60]fullerene-derivative stimulates chlorophyll accumulation and has no toxic effect on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

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