Physiology

Hellemans, J.; Vantrappen, Gaston

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65837-2_3

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…The oropharyngeal phase ends when the wave of contraction reaches the upper esophageal sphincter. At rest, the sphincter is closed by the tonic contraction of the cricopharyngeal muscle, which plays the main role in the sphincteric function (8,9,13,49,129,301). Inhibition of the tonic contraction, resulting in the relaxation and opening of the sphincter, starts at the onset of swallowing and lasts until the cricopharyngeal muscle becomes active and propels the bolus into the esophageal body (Fig.…”

Section: A the Sequential Swallowing Pattern: Oropharyngeal Deglutitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison with the extraordinary complexity of the oropharyngeal phase, the esophageal phase of swallowing is quite simple. It consists of a peristaltic wave of contraction, which propagates down the esophagus, enabling the alimentary bolus to be transported from the pharynx to the stomach (111,128,129,142,164). At rest, the esophagus is electromyographically silent, i.e., there is no tonic or rhythmic activity.…”

Section: A the Sequential Swallowing Pattern: Oropharyngeal Deglutitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration of the contraction at the segmental level is longer than that observed in the oropharyngeal muscles. It generally exceeds 1 s and can reach values of up to 4 s, depending on the level of the esophagus and the nature of the muscle (129,336). The esophageal phase ends when the contraction wave reaches the lower esoph-FIG.…”

Section: A the Sequential Swallowing Pattern: Oropharyngeal Deglutitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When striated muscle only is involved, a second swallow initiated during the primary peristalsis results in the immediate and complete inhibition of the contractile activity induced by the first swallow, and the first wave progresses no further (Fig. 3A) (129,152,277,279). In the species with smooth muscle distal esophagus, the pattern may be different, probably due to intricate interactions between central and peripheral effects.…”

Section: B Rhythmic Swallowing Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once initiated, the secondary peristaltic wave progresses distally through the esophagus, like the primary peristalsis (101,129,280). The amplitude and velocity of the peristaltic contractions induced by esophageal distension are similar to those observed during primary peristalsis.…”

Section: Motility Of the Esophagus: Secondary And Autonomic Peristmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain Stem Control of Swallowing: Neuronal Network and Cellular Mechanisms

Jean¹

2001

Physiological Reviews

1,025

927

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Swallowing movements are produced by a central pattern generator located in the medulla oblongata. It has been established on the basis of microelectrode recordings that the swallowing network includes two main groups of neurons. One group is located within the dorsal medulla and contains the generator neurons involved in triggering, shaping, and timing the sequential or rhythmic swallowing pattern. Interestingly, these generator neurons are situated within a primary sensory relay, that is, the nucleus tractus solitarii. The second group is located in the ventrolateral medulla and contains switching neurons, which distribute the swallowing drive to the various pools of motoneurons involved in swallowing. This review focuses on the brain stem mechanisms underlying the generation of sequential and rhythmic swallowing movements. It analyzes the neuronal circuitry, the cellular properties of neurons, and the neurotransmitters possibly involved, as well as the peripheral and central inputs which shape the output of the network appropriately so that the swallowing movements correspond to the bolus to be swallowed. The mechanisms possibly involved in pattern generation and the possible flexibility of the swallowing central pattern generator are discussed.

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Section: A the Sequential Swallowing Pattern: Oropharyngeal Deglutitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A the Sequential Swallowing Pattern: Oropharyngeal Deglutitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A the Sequential Swallowing Pattern: Oropharyngeal Deglutitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Rhythmic Swallowing Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Motility Of the Esophagus: Secondary And Autonomic Peristmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Brain Stem Control of Swallowing: Neuronal Network and Cellular Mechanisms

Jean¹

2001

Physiological Reviews

1,025

927

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Characterization and mechanisms of the pharyngeal swallow activated by stimulation of the esophagus

Lang

Medda

Jadcherla

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Stimulation of the esophagus activates the pharyngeal swallow response (EPSR) in human infants and animals. The aims of this study were to characterize the stimulus and response of the EPSR and to determine the function and mechanisms generating the EPSR. Studies were conducted in 46 decerebrate cats in which pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal motility was monitored using EMG, strain gauges, or manometry. The esophagus was stimulated by balloon distension or luminal fluid infusion. We found that esophageal distension increased the chance of occurrence of the EPSR, but the delay was variable. The chance of occurrence of the EPSR was related to the position, magnitude, and length of the stimulus in the esophagus. The most effective stimulus was long, strong, and situated in the cervical esophagus. Acidification of the esophagus activated pharyngeal swallows and sensitized the receptors that activate the EPSR. The EPSR was blocked by local anesthesia applied to the esophageal lumen, and electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve caudal to the cricoid cartilage (RLNc) activated the pharyngeal swallow response. We conclude that the EPSR is activated in a probabilistic manner. The receptors mediating the EPSR are probably mucosal slowly adapting tension receptors. The sensory neural pathway includes the RLNc and superior laryngeal nerve. We hypothesize that, because the EPSR is observed in human infants and animals, but not human adults, activation of EPSR is related to the elevated position of the larynx. In this situation, the EPSR occurs rather than secondary peristalsis to prevent supraesophageal reflux when the esophageal bolus is in the proximal esophagus.

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Physiology

Cited by 2 publications

References 134 publications

Brain Stem Control of Swallowing: Neuronal Network and Cellular Mechanisms

Brain Stem Control of Swallowing: Neuronal Network and Cellular Mechanisms

Characterization and mechanisms of the pharyngeal swallow activated by stimulation of the esophagus

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