Physiology of Pea Fruits I. the Developing Fruit

McKee, H. S.; Robertson, R. N.; Jb, Lee

doi:10.1071/bi9550137

Cited by 55 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…No account was taken of the possibility of other sources of nutrition for normally maturing seeds in these studies on detached fruits. Later studies (4,16,17) of pea fruit development on the plant came to similar conclusions from examination of changes in various soluble and insoluble biochemical fractions during hull and seed development. The evidence here was of a correlative nature based partly on consideration of the different timing of pod and seed maturation.…”

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confidence: 61%

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Seed Development in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Seminole

Fountain¹,

Outred²,

Holdsworth³

et al. 1989

Plant Physiol.

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Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Seminole pods removed from the plant continued their development when incubated in suitable conditions. Seeds continued to grow and develop and pods and seeds passed through an apparently normal developmental sequence to dryness. Seed growth was at the expense of pod dry weight (DW) reserves. Losses of pod DW paralleled DW gains by seeds in detached pods and in pod cylinders containing a seed. The transfer activity was apparent only within the period 10 to 30 days after anthesis (DAA) with maximal activity between 15 to 20 DAA. This period corresponds to maximum pod growth and the attainment of maximal DW. Seeds are in only the early phase of seed growth at this time. No DW transfer was observed at developmental stages beyond 30 to 35 DAA when normal senescence DW losses in pods became evident and seeds were in the later phase of seed fill. Pods or pod cylinders remained green and succulent over the transfer period, later passing through yellowing and drying phases characteristic of normal development. DW transfer was dependent on funicle integrity and was readily detectable in pod cylinders after 7 days incubation. The DW transfer activity may contribute to continuing nutrition of seeds under conditions where the normal assimilate supply to seeds becomes limiting. Defoliation and water stress treatments applied to Phaseolus plants reduced seed yields but allowed persistence of seed maturation processes such that all seeds developing to dryness were capable of germination.Early this century it was suggested that reserves deposited in legume pods might be a source of nutrition for their enclosed developing seeds (7, 23, 30; reviewed in 17). A transfer of reserves of C or N was assumed from observation of losses by pods and gains by seeds. Pfenninger (23) that seeds of Vicia faba continued their development after removal from the plant, and several studies have reported continuing seed growth in detached pods of Pisum sativum (3,14,18,26) and Glycine max (19) cultured in aseptic conditions. In the latter, the potential role of pod tissues in supporting seed growth was not examined directly since contributing nutrition from the culture medium was involved to an unknown extent. Although soybean seeds do continue their maturation in detached pods, their growth is reported to cease upon pod removal (1).More recent studies (27) of the sources of nutrition for developing legume seeds show the greater proportion comes from translocated assimilates of vegetative origin and that fruit reserves provide only a limited supply. Temporary storage of incoming assimilates which may involve conversion to more useful forms has been suggested to account for the remarkable linearity of seed growth in the short term independent of diurnal or day to day fluctuations in supply in soybean (28). This argument is likely to find general application at least in species with relatively fleshy pods (6, 28) and complements other recognized functions ofpods in protecting the developing seeds, and acting as photo...

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confidence: 61%

“…Early this century it was suggested that reserves deposited in legume pods might be a source of nutrition for their enclosed developing seeds (7, 23, 30; reviewed in 17). A transfer of reserves of C or N was assumed from observation of losses by pods and gains by seeds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed Development in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Seminole

Fountain¹,

Outred²,

Holdsworth³

et al. 1989

Plant Physiol.

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“…In Glycine max the proteins appear after the starch grains (Bils and Howell 1963) although a few grains, called ribonucleoproteins (Stephenson et al 1959), are present earlier. Most authors (Bisson and Jones 1932, McKee et al 1955, Bain and Mercer 1966 working on peas have observed a close similarity in the time of initiation and duration of protein and starch synthesis. The observations on the cotyledons of C. cajan and V. radiata (present work) agree with the above statement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological and histochemical studies on the cotyledons of some legumes. II. Reserve metabolites during seed development.

1987

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“…Although they made good use of the methodology then available, these studies from a present-day point of view are inadequate in several ways: either the results were only semiquantitative (17,22), or sampling was very infrequent or did not cover the whole span of development (8,12,22), or many amino acids were omitted altogether (8,12,17,22). Conspicuous among the latter are the sulfur amino acids; where cysteine was determined, no precautions were taken to prevent oxidative losses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Developmental changes in free amino acid levels have been investigated in Pisum sativum (17), P. arvense (8), three species of Lathyrus (22), and Glycine max (12). Although they made good use of the methodology then available, these studies from a present-day point of view are inadequate in several ways: either the results were only semiquantitative (17,22), or sampling was very infrequent or did not cover the whole span of development (8,12,22), or many amino acids were omitted altogether (8,12,17,22).…”

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Developmental Changes in the Free Amino Acid Pool and Total Protein Amino Acids of Pea Cotyledons (Pisum sativum L.)

Macnicol¹

1983

Plant Physiol.

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Chages in the leels of twenty-two free amino acids and in the amino acid composidon of the total protein were Because the nutritional value of legume seeds is limited by their low content of sulfur amino acids, particularly methionine (7), it is desirable to determine what scope exists for modifying their amino acid composition. Much effort has gone into characterization of the storage proteins of these seeds, study of their biosynthesis and deposition, and examination of the effect of developmental, genetic, and environmental factors on their relative proportions (3,5,18,24). In contrast, information about the free amino acid pool and the influence of these factors on it is very incomplete. Such information is a desirable background for future attempts to manipulate the pool via altered cultural practices or the production of regulatory mutants.Developmental changes in free amino acid levels have been investigated in Pisum sativum (17), P. arvense (8), three species of Lathyrus (22), and Glycine max (12). Although they made good use of the methodology then available, these studies from a present-day point of view are inadequate in several ways: either the results were only semiquantitative (17,22), or sampling was very infrequent or did not cover the whole span of development (8,12,22), or many amino acids were omitted altogether (8,12,17,22). Conspicuous among the latter are the sulfur amino acids; where cysteine was determined, no precautions were taken to prevent oxidative losses.Essentially all of the storage protein of the legume seed is synthesized in the cotyledons. The developmental studies on free amino acid levels cited above were done using whole seeds, so that changes in the cotyledons are confounded with those in the seed coat, which for a considerable part of seed development is a significant reservoir of free amino acids (8). A quantitative understanding of the relationships between the free amino acid pool and storage protein synthesis obviously requires that the pool be studied in the cotyledon itself. A previous publication (14) demonstrated the ability of the pea cotyledon to carry out extensive synthesis and interconversion of amino acids. The present paper reports an adaptation of the double-isotope dansylation technique (2, 1 1) to the analysis of the free amino acid pool and amino acid composition of the total protein, and charts their changes throughout development. MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant Material. Plants of P. sativum L. cv Greenfeast, line 086, were raised in a growth cabinet at 25°C with a 16-h light period, as described in Reference 19. Maximum uniformity was ensured by careful selection of young seedlings and by culling any plants that did not begin flowering within the same 2-d period. Sampling was restricted to the bottom three flowering nodes. At each sampling date, a pod containing at least six seeds of similar size was picked. The innermost three seeds were taken for analysis of free amino acids, and three other seeds for protein extraction and determination of fr...

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Physiology of Pea Fruits I. the Developing Fruit

Cited by 55 publications

References 11 publications

Seed Development in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Seminole

Seed Development in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Seminole

Histological and histochemical studies on the cotyledons of some legumes. II. Reserve metabolites during seed development.

Developmental Changes in the Free Amino Acid Pool and Total Protein Amino Acids of Pea Cotyledons (Pisum sativum L.)

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