Physiology of the fungi [by] Virgil Greene Lilly [and] Horace L. Barnett.

Abstract

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FUNGI previous knowledge. Organization and interpretation of facts are equally as important as the experimentation which reveals them.The fungi as a group are highly responsive to their environment and are thus excellent test organisms for inquiring into the secrets of nature.Nature always answers correctly the questions we ask, and, in this sense, no experiment is a failure, although we may fail to ask the question we intended, or we may misunderstand the answer given. Infinite care is required to frame a question so that a definite answer may be obtained. By observing fungi in nature we are limited to questions asked by nature.Commonly, the environmental and nutritional factors are so complex that the influence of a single variable cannot be evaluated. By controlling the conditions under which a fungus is placed in the laboratory it is possible to ask questions of great precision. Indeed, the number and scope of the questions which we may ask fungi are limited only by the present-day techniques and the curiosity of the investigator.Since most of our knowledge of the physiology of the fungi has been gained from laboratory investigations, the experimental approach will be emphasized in the discussions which follow. However, this choice is not meant to minimize the importance of and need for critical observations in nature.By emphasizing the results of careful laboratory research, we are better able in the following chapters to present the facts necessary for an understanding of the vital principles of fungus physiology, and also to show that these principles, theories, and hypotheses are founded upon experimental evidence. FUNGUS PHYSIOLOGY IN RELATION TO OTHER SCIENCESPhysiology is that branch of science which deals with the life processes or the activities of organisms. The activities of the whole organism or of any of its parts may be hmited by its form or structure. Both the activity and the form of an individual are determined to a great extent by its genetic constitution and are modified by the environment to which the organism is exposed. Physiology, therefore, is not an independent subject.An understanding of physiological principles is based, in part, upon facts and theories from many other fields of science, such as chemistry, physics, anatomy, cytology, bacteriology, and genetics. Many of the physiological principles which have been established for one group of organisms apply equally well to other groups. The vitamins essential to the normal growth of the fungi are the same as those required by man, animals, and the higher plants. The general functions of these vitamins appear to be the same in all organisms. The difference in the vitamin requirements seems to lie in the different abilities of these groups of organisms (or individuals within the group) to synthesize these necessary compounds. As Schopfer (1943) has pointed out, the The life processes of the fungi involve numerous chemical transformations.Living organisms make and use special organic catalysts, enzymes, which control ...

Lichenicolins A and B, New Bisnaphthopyrones from an Unidentified Lichenicolous Fungus, Strain LL-RB0668

“…1). The structure of lichenicolin A was elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis to be bisnaphthopyrone 1 and the structure of lichenicolin B was proposed as 2 by comparison of its NMR data with those of 1 and luteosporin (6).…”

“…The initial analysis of the 13 C NMR spectral data in DMSO-d 6 indicated the presence of 17 carbon signals, which only accounted for half of the carbons required by the molecular formula. Therefore, compound 1 most likely possessed a symmetric dimer structure.…”

Conversion of the Mycotoxin Patulin to the Less Toxic Desoxypatulinic Acid by the Biocontrol Yeast Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae Strain LS11

“…Cells of the yeast R. kratochvilovae LS11, originally isolated from an olive tree, were maintained viable in 20% glycerol at À80°C. Cultures of P. expansum FS-7 were preserved on potato dextrose agar ( 26 and incubated at 23°C on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 24À36 h. The culture was centrifuged for 20 min at 6000 rpm, the cell concentrations were adjusted to 1.0 Â 10 5 CFU/mL, corresponding to values of 0.01 optical density (OD) at 595 nm, and the cells were transferred to three flasks, each containing 50 mL of LiBa supplemented with 150 μg/mL patulin. Three flasks each containing 50 mL of LiBa with 150 μg/mL patulin, and not inoculated with the yeast, were used as the control.…”

Caracterização patogênica, fisiológica e morfológica de Pseudocercospora musae

“…Assim, a maior produção de conídios foi constatada com relação ao isolado P-1, quando cultivado no meio de BDA, em pH 6,5 (28 x 10 3 con./ml), seguido pelos isolados P-6 (7,1 x 10 3 con./ ml em MPA) e P-8 (4,7 x 10 3 con./ml em CPZ), nas mesmas condições de pH (Figura 1d,e,f). O fato de um substrato ser considerado bom para o crescimento micelial de um fungo e nem sempre bom para a esporulação, já foi evidenciado com outros fitopatógenos (Lilly & Barnett, 1951;Hawker, 1950;1957;Cochrane, 1958;Griffin, 1994 7,0 aB 9,0 aA 6,0 abB 7,0 aB 5,3 aB 6,7 aB 6,9 a 6,5 7,7 aA 8,7 aA 4,5 aB 7,7 aA 4,5 aB 7,0 aA 6,7 a P-2 Média 7,2 B 8,8 A 5,7 C 7,5 B 5,0 C 7,2 B 6,9 D 4,5 12,7 aA 11,6 aA 3,0 aC 12,0 aA 9,0 aB 11,0 aAB 10,0 a 5,5 11,0 aAB 9,7 abBC 3,3 aD 12,4 aA 7,6 aC 10,7 aAB 9,2 b 6,5 11,0 aA 10,3 bA 3,3 aC 11,0 aA 7,7 aB 9,7 aB 8,9 b Média 11,6 AB 10,6 B 3,2 D 11,9 A 8,1 C 10,4 B 9,3 A P-3 4,5 9,7 aA 10,7 aA 4,7 aB 11,5 aA 5,5 aB 10,2 aA 8,7 a 5,5 10,2 aA 10,3 aA 4,7 aC 11,0 aA 7,0 abB 9,2 aAB 8,7 a 6,5 7,2 bB 9,7 aAB 4,3 aD 11,0 aA 7,7 bBC 9,3 aABC 8,2 a Média 9,0 B 10,2 AB 4,6 D 11,2 A 6,7 C 9,6 B 8,5 B P-4 4,5 7,3 aA 6,8 aA 3,5 aB 7,0 aA 4,2 aB 7,0 aA 6,0 a 5,5 7,3 aA 6,7 aA 2,0 aB 6,3 aA 2,0 abB 6,3 abA 5,1 ab 6,5 7,7 aA 5,0 aBC 1,7 aD 6,0 aAB 3,0 bCD 5,2 bBC 4,8 b Média 7,4 A 6,0 A 2,4 B 6,4 A 3,1 B 6,2 A 5,3 E P-5 4,5 8,0 aA 7,0 aAB 3,1 aC 5,0 aBC 5,3 aBC 4,7 aC 5,7 a 5,5 7,8 aA 7,3 aA 2,1 aC 6,0 aAB 6,3 aAB 4,3 aBC 5,6 a 6,5 7,8 aA 7,0 aA 3,0 aC 6,7 aAB 4,5 aBC 3,7 aC 5,4 a Média 7,9 A 7,1 AB 3,1 E 6,2 BC 5,2 CD 4,1 DE 5,6 E P-6 4,5 9,3 aB 9,8 aAB 6,7 aC 12,0 aA 5,7 CD 9,3 aB 8,8 a 5,5 9,3 aB 10,0 aB 4,7 bD 12,5 abA 6,3 aCD 8,0 aBC 8,5 a 6,5 9,3 aB 10,7 aA 4,7 bD 10,3 bA 7,0 aC 8,0 aBC 8,3 a próprio conídio, permitindo a variação de comportamento observada entre os isolados estudados. Essa variação também ocorreu em relação as características culturais, porém em menor grau.…”

“…No meio de LC, a pigmentação rósea ocorreu nos isolados P-1 e P-4, nos três níveis de pH. Segundo Lilly & Barnett (1951) e Cochrane (1958), nos fungos, alguns pigmentos são acumulados no micélio e esporos, enquanto outros se difundem no meio de cultura. Esses pigmentos são em parte determinados por fatores genéticos e expressados pelo meio ambiente.…”