Physiology of the lowbush blueberry

Hall, I. V.; Forsyth, F. R.; Aalders, L. E.; Jackson, L. P.

doi:10.1007/bf02862263

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In late July the fruit reaches peak ripeness with the entire fruit turning blue or black blue; and as the fruit turns from green to blue, the anthocyanin content of the fruit increases. The blue color of the fruits has been suggested as the best criteria of fruit maturity (Hall and others 1972) and decision making regarding fruit‐picking. Fruit‐picking generally takes place during August and September in North America.…”

Section: Factors Affecting the Accumulation Of Anthocyanins In Differmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean amount of different anthocyanins present in 34 blueberry genotypes has been summarized by Scalzo and others (2008a). Anthocyanins such as cyanidin and peonidin derivatives have been found in the bark of the blueberry plant, which indicates the presence of pigments in all parts of the plant (Hall and others 1972). In bilberry leaves, an analysis showed the presence of anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin derivatives and hydroxycinnamoyl conjugates in the red leaves rather than in green leaves (Jaakola and others 2004; Riihinen and others 2008).…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Anthocyanins Present In Blueberriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins: Factors Affecting Biosynthesis and Properties

Routray¹,

Orsat²

2011

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

196

123

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Blueberry is one of the most popular fruits in North America and rich in anthocyanins. Its content in anthocyanins contributes to the health-beneficial effects of blueberry against several chronic diseases including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. This paper summarizes various facts presenting blueberry as a fruit with huge potential for increased future consumption as a health-enhancing food. Factors affecting the biosynthesis of the various anthocyanins in blueberries, including agronomic and genetic factors, and the possible pathways of biosynthesis of the major anthocyanins present in this plant are discussed. The important health-beneficial effects associated with blueberry anthocyanins, properties of these anthocyanins leading to the beneficial effects, and food processing parameters leading to the depletion of the amounts of anthocyanins present in the final processed products are also briefly discussed. Furthermore, the general methods of extraction and analyses that have been reported for being successfully applied to blueberry anthocyanins are also reviewed.Practical Application: Blueberries are well known for their nutritional and beneficial health effects, however, information concerning the physiology behind the blueberry beneficial effects is still lacking. There is little or no information on the characterization of growing conditions on anthocyanins in blueberries and research is lagging behind on advanced methods of extracting blueberry anthocyanins.

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Section: Factors Affecting the Accumulation Of Anthocyanins In Differmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biosynthesis Of Anthocyanins Present In Blueberriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins: Factors Affecting Biosynthesis and Properties

Routray¹,

Orsat²

2011

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

196

123

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“…Growth characters examined are those that other investigators have shown to be positively correlated with subsequent yield (Hall and Ludwig 1961;Hall, Forsyth et al 1972). Growth characters examined are those that other investigators have shown to be positively correlated with subsequent yield (Hall and Ludwig 1961;Hall, Forsyth et al 1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of shade on shoot growth of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. after fire pruning in southeastern Manitoba

Hoefs¹,

Shay²

1981

Can. J. Bot.

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1981. The effects of shade on shoot growth of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. after fire pruning in southeastern Manitoba. Can. 1. Bot. 59: 166-174.Five plots (15 m x 0.3 m) containing similar numbers of Vaccinium angustifolium shoots were laid out within a clearing in a natural Pinus banksiana stand. The area was burned in late April. Wooden screens were then erected to provide 0,25,50,75, and 100% shade over the plots. Growth of blueberries and competing vegetation was monitored throughout the growing season using 10 quadrats (930 cmL) per plot. Soil characteristics, temperature, moisture, and light were measured.Quadrats with low preburn densities showed a greater increase in shoot numbers than those with high densities, regardless of shade. The times of shoot emergence and apical abortion were also independent of shade. Other blueberry characteristics were influenced by shade. Shoot density, shoot branching, and number of branches per shoot were highest in the open; frost damage was also greatest.However, blueberries under intermediate shade grew faster, had larger leaves, longer and stouter shoots, and experienced a more favorable water economy. In general, shade, considered detrimental to blueberries in the Atlantic Provinces, may be essential for optimal growth in Manitoba's continental climate. HOEFS, M. E. G., et J . M. SHAY. 1981. The effects of shade on shoot growth of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. after fire pruning in southeastern Manitoba. Can. J. Bot. 59: 166-174.On a Ctabli cinq parcelles (15 X 0,3 m) contenant un nombre semblable de tiges de Vaccinium angustifolium (bleuet) dans une clairikre situCe dans un peuplement nature1 de Pinus banksiana. La surface a Ct C brii1Ce k la fin d'avril. Des Ccrans de bois ont ensuite Ct C disposCs pour donner aux parcelles une ombre de 0, 25, 50, 75 et 100%. La croissance du bleuet et des autres plantes a Ct C suivie pendant toute la saison de croissance l'aide de 10 quadrats (930 cm2) par parcelle. Les caractCristiques du sol, la tempCrature, I'humiditC et la lumikre ont Ct C mesurCes.Peu importe le rCgime d'ombre, les plus fortes augmentations du nombre de pousses se rencontrent dans les quadrats ayant une faible densit6 de bleuet avant le feu. Le moment de I'Cmergence des pousses et le moment de l'avortement apical sont aussi indCpendants du regime d'ombre. D'autres caractCristiques de V. angustifolium sont influencCes par l'ombre. La densit6 des pousses, la ramification des pousses et le nombre de rameaux par pousse sont plus ClevCs 18 oh il y a moins d'ombre; les dornrnages diis au froid y sont aussi les plus forts.Cependant, dans les conditions d'ombres intermediaires, le bleuet croit plus vite, a des feuilles plus grandes, des tiges plus longues et plus robustes et il prCsente un bilan hydrique plus favorable. En general, l'ombre, considCrCe comme nuisible au bleuet dans les Provinces atlantiques, est peut-&re essentiel pour une croissance optimale dans le climat continental du Manitoba.[Traduit par le journal]

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“…Flowering, fruit development and harvest follow in the second year (Eaton 1988). Lowbush blueberries are tolerant of low winter temperatures (Quamme et al 1972), except when affected by factors such as insufficient snow cover and winds (Cappiello and Dunham 1994).The lowbush blueberry is susceptible to winter desiccation (Hall et al 1971). This results from exposure of stem tips above snow cover, and is particularly severe in the Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, area where salt spray frequently drifts off the Bay of Fundy (Hall et al 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lowbush blueberry is susceptible to winter desiccation (Hall et al 1971). This results from exposure of stem tips above snow cover, and is particularly severe in the Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, area where salt spray frequently drifts off the Bay of Fundy (Hall et al 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of deicing salt on lowbush blueberry flowering and yield

Eaton¹,

Hoyle²,

King³

1999

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 1999. Effects of deicing salt on lowbush blueberry flowering and yield. Can. J. Plant Sci. 79: 125-128. The effects of deicing salt (NaCl) on buds, blossoms and yields of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were assessed over 3 yr in two commercial fields adjacent to a major Nova Scotia highway. Concentrations of road salt on exposed stems were highest next to the highway, and decreased with distance from the road. Numbers of blossoms, and subsequent fruit yields were low nearest the road, and increased with distance from the highway. Numbers of live blueberry buds and blossoms, and subsequent yields, were inversely related to concentrations of road salt on the stems. Plants under plastic shelters placed near the highway had more live buds and blossoms, as well as higher yields relative to plants exposed to deicing salt. The wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) is forced into a biennial production cycle by regular pruning. Vegetative growth and fruit bud formation occur during the first season. Developed fruit buds overwinter on 15-20 cm upright stems. Flowering, fruit development and harvest follow in the second year (Eaton 1988). Lowbush blueberries are tolerant of low winter temperatures (Quamme et al. 1972), except when affected by factors such as insufficient snow cover and winds (Cappiello and Dunham 1994).The lowbush blueberry is susceptible to winter desiccation (Hall et al. 1971). This results from exposure of stem tips above snow cover, and is particularly severe in the Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, area where salt spray frequently drifts off the Bay of Fundy (Hall et al. 1979). Blueberry yields in this region have been substantially reduced after winters with little snow cover.Major Nova Scotia highways are in close proximity to a number of lowbush blueberry fields. Due to heavy winter snowfall and severe winter conditions, deicing road salt (NaCl) is routinely applied in large amounts. Once dissolved in water it often drifts off highways onto nearby vegetation and can cause considerable plant damage (Westing 1969). Desiccation of foliage and stems occurs when water molecules are moved out of cells following deposition of salt onto plants (Smith 1975). Effects of low temperatures are more damaging to plant cells when they are forced to expand as they are after exposure to salt (Leopold and Willing 1984).The objective of this study was to assess the effects of deicing salt from a major highway in Folly Mountain, Nova Scotia, on flowering and yield of lowbush blueberries over a 3-yr period. MATERIALS AND METHODSBlueberry test fields were on opposite sides (east and west) of Highway 104 (Folly Mountain, Nova Scotia, 45°32′N, 60°32′E, elevation 260 m). Frequent large applications of road salt were applied during winter (33 and 40 t km -1 during 1993-1994and 1994-1995 C. A. Audus, Nova Scotia Department of Transport and Communications, personal communication). The east field was cropped in 1992 and 1994, the west field in 1995.During April of each crop year, blueberry stems wer...

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Physiology of the lowbush blueberry

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins: Factors Affecting Biosynthesis and Properties

Blueberries and Their Anthocyanins: Factors Affecting Biosynthesis and Properties

The effects of shade on shoot growth of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. after fire pruning in southeastern Manitoba

Effects of deicing salt on lowbush blueberry flowering and yield

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