Physiology of Vascular Homeostasis

Sanchorawala, Harsch; Keaney, John F.

doi:10.1007/978-0-585-33754-8_9

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Capillaries are the site of chemical exchanges between blood and tissue, whereas veins return the deoxygenated blood to the heart. Arterial homeostasis refers to the control of arterial tone and blood flow, arterial patency, as well as the response to arterial injury (459). This homeostasis is regulated by a complex interplay of neural factors mediated by the autonomic nervous system, humoral factors mediated by circulating mediators, local factors generated in the vessel wall, and autoregulatory mechanisms.…”

Section: B Arterial Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Heme Oxygenases in Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Ayer

Zarjou

Agarwal

et al. 2016

Physiological Reviews

191

166

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Heme oxygenases are composed of two isozymes, Hmox1 and Hmox2, that catalyze the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin, the latter of which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. While initially considered to be waste products, CO and biliverdin/bilirubin have been shown over the last 20 years to modulate key cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as antioxidant defense. This shift in paradigm has led to the importance of heme oxygenases and their products in cell physiology now being well accepted. The identification of the two human cases thus far of heme oxygenase deficiency and the generation of mice deficient in Hmox1 or Hmox2 have reiterated a role for these enzymes in both normal cell function and disease pathogenesis, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease. This review covers the current knowledge on the function of both Hmox1 and Hmox2 at both a cellular and tissue level in the cardiovascular system. Initially, the roles of heme oxygenases in vascular health and the regulation of processes central to vascular diseases are outlined, followed by an evaluation of the role(s) of Hmox1 and Hmox2 in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, myocardial infarction, and angiogenesis. Finally, the therapeutic potential of heme oxygenases and their products are examined in a cardiovascular disease context, with a focus on how the knowledge we have gained on these enzymes may be capitalized in future clinical studies.

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Section: B Arterial Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Heme Oxygenases in Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Ayer

Zarjou

Agarwal

et al. 2016

Physiological Reviews

191

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, cytokines secreted from individual cells can diffuse to adjacent tissue where they stimulate ROS production (Mittal et al, 2014). These hypertensioninduced disruptions abolish endothelial and vascular functionality, the latter of which is vital to maintaining vascular homeostasis and depends upon proper VSMC contractile responses (Sanchorawala and Keaney, 1997;De Batista et al, 2014;Biancardi et al, 2017;Nunes et al, 2017). In the hypertensive vasculature, altered TLR4 expression is found in VSMCs and ECs (De Batista et al, 2014;Hernanz et al, 2015).…”

Section: Vasculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting toll‐like receptor 4 signalling pathways: can therapeutics pay the toll for hypertension?

Nunes

Oliveira

Mowry

et al. 2018

British J Pharmacology

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The immune system plays a prominent role in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension. The innate immune system, via toll-like receptors (TLRs), identifies distinct signatures of invading microbes and damage-associated molecular patterns and triggers a chain of downstream signalling cascades, leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and shaping the adaptive immune response. Over the past decade, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response, particularly via TLR4, has been suggested to support a chronic inflammatory state in hypertension, inducing deleterious local and systemic effects in host cells and tissues and contributing to disease progression. While the underlying mechanisms triggering TLR4 need further research, evidence suggests that sustained elevations in BP disrupt homeostasis, releasing endogenous TLR4 ligands in hypertension. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and whether targeting this receptor and its signalling pathways could offer a therapeutic strategy for management of this multifaceted disease.

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Physiology of Vascular Homeostasis

Cited by 2 publications

References 69 publications

Heme Oxygenases in Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Heme Oxygenases in Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Targeting toll‐like receptor 4 signalling pathways: can therapeutics pay the toll for hypertension?

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