Phytochemical analysis, antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Chrozophora tinctoria : a natural dye plant

Abstract

Context:Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss. (Euphorbiaceae) is known as ‘dyer’s-croton’ and used to obtain dye substances. Recently, natural antioxidants and colorants have been of interest because of their safety and therapeutic effects.Objective: This study investigates the antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of the various extracts and fractions from C. tinctoria and analyzes their phytochemical contents.Materials and methods: The aerial parts of C. tinctoria were extracted with water, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol/chloroform. Phenolic compounds and other constituents of the extracts were analyzed by HPLC/TOF-MS. The ethyl acetate extract (EA) was fractionated by flash chromatography. The extracts, fractions, and major phenolic compounds were investigated for their antiproliferative activities on human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cell line at the concentrations of 5–100 μg/mL by using BrdU ELISA assay during 24 h of incubation. DPPH radical scavenging activities (5–150 μg/mL) and total phenolic contents of the samples were also evaluated.Results: 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (268.20 mg/kg), apigenin-7-glucoside (133.34 mg/kg), and gallic acid (68.92 mg/kg) were the major components of EA. CT/E-F6 (IC50 = 64.59 ± 0.01 μg/mL) exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity. CT/E-F2 (IC50= 14.0 ± 0.0 μg/mL) and some fractions displayed higher radical scavenging activity compared to synthetic antioxidant BHT (IC50 = 23.1 ± 0.0 μg/mL). Among the main phenolics, gallic acid exhibited the highest antiproliferative and radical scavenging abilities (IC50 < 5 μg/mL).Conclusion: In this study, we have determined the biologically active fractions and their high effects may be attributed to the presence of gallic acid.

Determination of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and anticancer activity of Chrozophora tinctoria accessions collected from different regions of Iran

“…The results of this study indicated that TPCs of the C. tinctoria accessions varied significantly from 26.01 (mg GAEg −1 DW) in C.t (2) to 10.9 (mg GAEg −1 DW) in C.t (8) (Table ). These findings are consistent with those of Oke‐Altuntas et al (), who have reported that TPC of C. tinctoria ranged between 9.17 ± 0.64 (µg GAE mg −1 ) and 186.37 ± 1.10 (µg GAE mg −1 ). Shahwar, Shafiq ur Rehman, Naeem, Sami, and Muhammad () have determined that TPC of ethyl acetate extract of C. tinctoria was 353.5 ± 5.5 (mg GAE g −1 ) of crude leave extract.…”

“…Moreover, the results of their later study indicated a noticeable radical scavenging effect in the leaf methanol extract of C. tinctoria (IP% = 26.4 ± 0.2 µg/ml). Among the main phenolics in C. tinctoria , gallic acid exhibited the highest antiproliferative and radical scavenging abilities (IC 50 < 5 µg/ml) (Oke‐Altuntas et al, ). Furthermore, the leaf extracts obtained using different extraction methods exhibited higher radical scavenging activity than the reference compound BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) (Oke‐Altuntas et al, ).…”

“…Mothana, Kriegisch, Harms, Wende, and Lindequist () investigated the inhibitory effect of the methanol and hot aqueous extracts of Chrozophora oblongifolia against human urinary bladder carcinoma (5,637) and human breast cancer (MCF‐7) cell lines with moderate anticancer effects. Oke‐Altuntas et al () reported on the antiproliferative and remarkable anticancer effects of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (4‐HBA), gallic acid (GA), and apigenin‐7‐glucoside (A‐7‐G) in methanolic and ethanolic extract of C. tinctoria (L.) A. Juss.…”

“…Different phenolic compounds, such as kaempferol, kaempferol 3‐O‐b‐glucopyranoside, quercetin 3‐O‐b‐glucopyranoside, apigenin, apigenin 7‐O‐bglucopyranoside, acacetin, gallic acid, methyl gallate, and b‐sitosterol, have been identified in Egyptian C. tinctoria samples by earlier studies (Marzouk et al, ). Moreover, Oke‐Altunas et al () have reported 18 different phenolic compounds in ethyl acetate extract of C. tinctoria (L.).…”

“…Oke‐Altunas et al () reported that, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (268.20 mg/kg), apigenin‐7‐glucoside (133.34 mg/kg), and gallic acid (68.92 mg/kg) were the major components in leaf extraction from Turkey. Furthermore, Hashim, Abou‐Zaid, Abdel‐Galil, and Saleh () have found acacetin, luteolin, and apigenin glycosides as the phenolic compounds in Egyptian Chrozophora species.…”