Abstract:AbstractSome holoparasitic species can become cultivated plants due to their unique chemical composition. A lot of bioactive contents are characteristic for them. Holoparasites of the family Orobanchaceae are known to be an important and rich source of polyphenols, especially metabolites of the phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) group. However, only a minority of the species in this family have been phytochemically tested. They are reported to have multiple biological and therape… Show more
“…The intense red-colored flowers (Fig. 1 ) of this species are rich in anthocyanins, and this pigment has not been reported previously in such an unprecedentedly large quantity in any plant 41 . Figure 1 General habit (left) and closeup of a flower (right) of Phelypaea tournefortii .…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 47%
“…In the flowers and stem of the P. tournefortii , there are three pigments classified as anthocyanin, responsible for the very intense red color of the flowers. The large amounts of anthocyanin in the flowers of P. tournefortii seem unique 41 . Anthocyanins contribute to stress tolerance in plants, possibly also to pressures related to global warming.…”
Phelypaea tournefortii (Orobanchaceae) primarily occurs in the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and N Iran) and Turkey. This perennial, holoparasitic herb is achlorophyllous and possesses one of the most intense red flowers among all plants worldwide. It occurs as a parasite on the roots of several Tanacetum (Asteraceae) species and prefers steppe and semi-arid habitats. Climate change may affect holoparasites both directly through effects on their physiology and indirectly as a consequence of its effects on their host plants and habitats. In this study, we used the ecological niche modeling approach to estimate the possible effects of climate change on P. tournefortii and to evaluate the effect of its parasitic relationships with two preferred host species on the chances of survival of this species under global warming. We used four climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5) and three different simulations (CNRM, GISS-E2, INM). We modeled the species’ current and future distribution using the maximum entropy method implemented in MaxEnt using seven bioclimatic variables and species occurrence records (Phelypaea tournefortii – 63 records, Tanacetum argyrophyllum – 40, Tanacetum chiliophyllum – 21). According to our analyses, P. tournefortii will likely contract its geographical range remarkably. In response to global warming, the coverage of the species’ suitable niches will decrease by at least 34%, especially in central and southern Armenia, Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan, northern Iran, and NE Turkey. In the worst-case scenario, the species will go completely extinct. Additionally, the studied plant's hosts will lose at least 36% of currently suitable niches boosting the range contraction of P. tournefortii. The GISS-E2 scenario will be least damaging, while the CNRM will be most damaging to climate change for studied species. Our study shows the importance of including ecological data in niche models to obtain more reliable predictions of the future distribution of parasitic plants.
“…The intense red-colored flowers (Fig. 1 ) of this species are rich in anthocyanins, and this pigment has not been reported previously in such an unprecedentedly large quantity in any plant 41 . Figure 1 General habit (left) and closeup of a flower (right) of Phelypaea tournefortii .…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 47%
“…In the flowers and stem of the P. tournefortii , there are three pigments classified as anthocyanin, responsible for the very intense red color of the flowers. The large amounts of anthocyanin in the flowers of P. tournefortii seem unique 41 . Anthocyanins contribute to stress tolerance in plants, possibly also to pressures related to global warming.…”
Phelypaea tournefortii (Orobanchaceae) primarily occurs in the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and N Iran) and Turkey. This perennial, holoparasitic herb is achlorophyllous and possesses one of the most intense red flowers among all plants worldwide. It occurs as a parasite on the roots of several Tanacetum (Asteraceae) species and prefers steppe and semi-arid habitats. Climate change may affect holoparasites both directly through effects on their physiology and indirectly as a consequence of its effects on their host plants and habitats. In this study, we used the ecological niche modeling approach to estimate the possible effects of climate change on P. tournefortii and to evaluate the effect of its parasitic relationships with two preferred host species on the chances of survival of this species under global warming. We used four climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5) and three different simulations (CNRM, GISS-E2, INM). We modeled the species’ current and future distribution using the maximum entropy method implemented in MaxEnt using seven bioclimatic variables and species occurrence records (Phelypaea tournefortii – 63 records, Tanacetum argyrophyllum – 40, Tanacetum chiliophyllum – 21). According to our analyses, P. tournefortii will likely contract its geographical range remarkably. In response to global warming, the coverage of the species’ suitable niches will decrease by at least 34%, especially in central and southern Armenia, Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan, northern Iran, and NE Turkey. In the worst-case scenario, the species will go completely extinct. Additionally, the studied plant's hosts will lose at least 36% of currently suitable niches boosting the range contraction of P. tournefortii. The GISS-E2 scenario will be least damaging, while the CNRM will be most damaging to climate change for studied species. Our study shows the importance of including ecological data in niche models to obtain more reliable predictions of the future distribution of parasitic plants.
“…A difference in the detected phenolic acids between the O. crenata parasite and its faba bean host was observed by El-Akkad et al (2002). The polyphenol pro le of Phelypaea tournefortii (parasite) was different from that of Tanacetum polycephalum (host), indicating the presence of an independent biosynthetic pathway in the holoparasite (Piwowarczyk et al, 2020). Moreover, there was an increase in total phenolic and total avonoid contents in parasite tissues when compared with those of the respective host roots of the two examined varieties.…”
Orobanche crenata is a root holoparasite that depends on its host for nutritional requirements. The shikimate pathway that metabolizes about 30% of the assimilated carbon in photosynthetic plants plays a role in host-parasite relationships. Aromatic amino acids (AAAs) and phenolic acids are derived from the shikimate pathway and serve as precursors of a wide number of primary and secondary metabolites. The effects of the O. crenata parasite on the phenolic acid and AAA profiles of two faba bean varieties and the differences of these compounds between the host organs and attached parasite at infestation stages were studied. Hosts and attached parasites were collected and divided, depending on the stage of parasite development, into four stages. The results revealed that phenolic acids and free AAAs tended to increase in parasitized roots compared to those of healthy roots, and the greatest increase in phenolic contents occurred at the first infestation stage. Syringic acid was observed to be unique to the parasite. Profiles of phenolic acids and AAAs were changed during the developmental stages of the parasite and differed from those of its host. Caffeic in the parasite reached more than 100 times that in Nubaria 4 host roots at the fourth infestation stage. Free phenylalanine in the parasite ranged between 2.2 and 5.5 times its level in host roots at all infestation stages. This study provides much evidence that indicates O. crenata is able to self-regulate its phenolic and AAA metabolites during its developmental stages, which differ from those of its host.
“…Even the highest content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was found in parasitic plants studied compared to their host plants, as Iloki et al (2020) found. Indeed, the amount and biological activity of metabolite compounds present in parasitic plants is very diverse and depends on the host plant and also the parasite's organs, as well as on season was collected (Inuwa et al, 2012;Shikha et al, 2013), and on population altitude (Piwowarczyk et al, 2020). However, according to Szurpnicka et al (2020), determining which chemical compounds are responsible for the individual biological activities of mistletoe and how these activities are achieved might become a source of new complementary therapies supporting the treatment of many diseases.…”
Parasitic habit plants arouse great interest for their extraordinary growth adaptations and produce different secondary metabolites that allow them to survive the extreme conditions in which they develop. This can provide a range of compounds with multiple uses. However, those plants have been poorly explored and there is very little information about their natural compounds, some healing properties attributed to several communities have been scientifically supported. Articles were consulted in databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus) considering the biological activity reported until June 2021. Parasitic plants present mainly antibacterial activity, some species antifungal moderate activity, and to a lesser extent were found reports of antiprotozoal activity. The composition of parasitic plants should continue to be investigated, which could be an alternative to combat various microorganisms that cause diseases, even resistant to traditional medicines.
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