Phytochemical and in vitro and in vivo biological investigation on the antihypertensive activity of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.)

Abstract

Aims:The aim of this study was to investigate the antihypertensive effect of leaves Mangifera indica L. using in vitro and in vivo assays. Methodology: The ethanol extract of leaves of M. indica was fractionated to dichloromethanic, n-butyl alcohol and aqueous fractions. The chemical composition of ethanolic extract and dichloromethanic fraction were evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Antioxidant activity was evaluated in the DPPH scavenging activity assay. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was investigated using in vitro and in vivo assays. The chronic antihypertensive assay was performed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar rats treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg), dichloromethanic fraction (100 mg/kg; twice a day) or vehicle control for 30 days. The baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated through the use of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by morphometric analysis. Results: The dichloromethanic fraction exhibited the highest flavonoid, total phenolic content and high antioxidant activity. Dichloromethanic fraction elicited ACE inhibitory activity in vitro (99 ± 8%) similar to captopril. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of ferulic acid (48.3 ± 0.04 µg/g) caffeic acid (159.8 ± 0.02 µg/g), gallic acid (142.5 ± 0.03 µg/g), apigenin (11.0 ± 0.01 µg/g) and quercetin (203.3 ± 0.05 µg/g). The chronic antihypertensive effects elicited by dichloromethanic fraction were similar to those of enalapril, and the baroreflex sensitivity was normalized in SHR. Plasma ACE activity and cardiac hypertrophy were comparable with animals treated with enalapril. Conclusions: Dichloromethanic fraction of M. indica presented an antihypertensive effect, most likely by ACE inhibition, with benefits in baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac hypertrophy. Altogether, the results of the present study suggest that the dichloromethanic fraction of M. indica leaves may have potential as a promoting antihypertensive agent.

Diet, Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Diseases: Linking Pathophysiology to Cardioprotective Effects of Natural Bioactive Compounds

“…Hemodynamic and arterial baroreflex assessment of the dichloromethane fraction of mango leaves has been performed, as well. In addition to inhibition of ACE, cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with the dichloromethane fraction decreased and the ratio heart weight/body weight increased [166].…”

“…The effects of bioactive compounds are generally assessed in vivo studies by the measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the animal model and analysis of the variation on mean arterial pressure to determine the chronic and acute effect of a compound, respectively [165][166][167][168]. In addition to the combination of bioactive compounds, the definition of the individual compounds' mechanism of action has also been carried out by in vivo studies.…”

Evaluation of cholesterol-lowering activity of standardized extract of Mangifera indica in albino Wistar rats

“…[ 14 ] In ayurvedic literature, different parts of this plant have been recommended as a remedy for various ailments. It is reported as antidiabetic,[ 15 ] anti-oxidant,[ 16 ] antiviral,[ 17 ] cardiotonic,[ 18 ] hypotensive,[ 19 ] anti-inflammatory,[ 20 ] antibacterial,[ 21 ] antifungal,[ 22 ] anthelmintic,[ 23 ] antiparasitic,[ 24 ] antitumor,[ 25 ] anti-HIV,[ 25 ] anti-bone resorption,[ 26 ] antispasmodic,[ 27 ] antipyretic,[ 27 ] antidiarrheal,[ 28 ] anti-allergic,[ 29 ] immunomodulation,[ 30 ] hypolipidemic,[ 31 ] hepatoprotective,[ 31 ] antimicrobial,[ 32 ] and gastroprotective. [ 33 ] Phytochemical studies on various parts of M. indica L. revealed that it contains phenolic acids, phenolic esters, flavonols, etc., Mangiferin, a natural C-glucoside xanthone,[ 34 ] has been reported from various parts of M. indica and it had been studied for many pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, rheumatoid arthritis, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, cardiotonic, and antioxidant activities.…”

Low dose of methyltestosterone in ovariectomised rats improves baroreflex sensitivity without geno‐ and cytotoxicity

“…Cardiovascular reflexes are important mechanisms involved in the control of cardiac function and vascular resistance and maintenance of blood pressure levels . In previous work, our group and others demonstrated the importance and influence of the sensitivity of the baroreflex (BRS) and the Bezold–Jarisch reflex (BJR) on the cardiovascular system control .…”