Phytochemical and medicinal importance ofGinkgo bilobaL.

Abstract

Ginkgo biloba L., also popularly known as living fossil, possesses a variety of biological and pharmacological activities. The leaf extract of G. biloba L. (EGb 761) has been used for years to treat age-related memory-deficit problems, including Alzheimer's and dementia. Experimental and clinical studies have revealed its beneficial effects on a wide range of pathological conditions including hepatoprotective, photoprotective effects, DNA repair mechanism, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Recent studies have also suggested that leaf extract of G. biloba L. may exert beneficial effects on cancer. This review focuses on recent scientific evidence of the reported medicinal effects of G. biloba L.

WITHDRAWN: Ginkgolide B reduces hepatic lipid accumulation and ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet–induced obese mice

“…Ginkgo biloba L. has been widely used for thousands of years in Asia and Europe [14]. Ginkgo leaf extract has been applied to treat brain blood circulation and improve memory and prevent dementia; the extract also can be used to boost peripheral blood circulation and promote blood vessel dilation for prevention of thrombosis [15].…”

“…Several pure compounds have been isolated from G. biloba, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Ginkgolides are primarily terpenoids and have been associated with more pharmacological effect, including ginkgolides A, B, C, L, M, P, and Q [14,18]. Previous studies have found that ginkgolide A may improve NAFLD in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice [19].…”

Ginkgo biloba

“…It has been shown that EGb 761 increased local cerebral blood flow by 50-100% in almost all of the brain regions when evaluated by 14 [C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography (Krieglstein et al, 1986). EGb 761 has been used to reduce cognitive dysfunction in a model of vascular dementia in gerbils; the studies show a significant recovery of spatial memory with regular postischemic treatment (Mohanta et al, 2014). In one study the unilateral ligation of the carotid artery in the gerbil was used, which showed that oral or intraperitoneal administration of the EGb 761 induced normalization of mitochondrial respiration, a decrease of cerebral edema, correction of the associated ionic changes, and almost total restoration of function as determined by a neurological index.…”

“…EGb 761 has also been shown to have a protective effect on hippocampal cells exposed to amyloid-beta peptides and inhibited the cytotoxicity and ROS accumulation when rat hippocampal cells were exposed to sodium nitroprusside (Chan et al, 2007). The hepatoprotective effects of G. biloba have been documented against carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced hepatic damage in Sprague-Dawley rats, with elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, total protein, hyaluronic acid, laminin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol significantly restored to almost normal values in a dose-dependent manner (Mohanta et al, 2014). It was shown that EGb 761, especially ginkgolide B, decreased stress-induced increases in serum corticosterone but did not affect the basal physiological levels.…”

Identification and management of tardive dyskinesia: A case series and literature review

“…Ginkgo biloba [41,43,[47][48][49] Extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb-761) which is considered a potent antioxidant with free radical-scavenging properties was found to decrease the symptoms of TD as measured by lower AIMS scores. Moreover, there seem to be also a carryover effect for at least six months after the discontinuation of EGb-761.…”