“… Neelkanthi (A), Small-flowered Bugleweed (E), Bishkopra (L) | Herb (W/C)/whole plant | Ajugarin I, deoxyajugarin I, ajugarin I, chlorohydrin, 3β-acetoxy-clerodinin C [ 49 ] | Half teaspoon of the powder of A. parviflora leaves, Aconitum heterophyllum tuber and Podophyllum hexandrum roots is given twice a day in the morning and at night after meals up to 3 months | Ethanol extract of the whole plant showed in vitro inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase with an IC 50 value of 110.18 µg/mL. In addition, the extract (60 mg/kg) showed anti-diabetic by reducing blood sugar level and body weight in ALX-induced diabetic rats [ 50 ] | Vitex negundo L. | Nirgundi (S/H), Five-leaved chaste (E), Shimaloo/Somi (L) | Shrub (W)/whole plant | Casticin, isoorientin, chrysophenol D, luteolin, essential oil (mainly contains sabinene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, β-caryophyllene, α-guaiene and globulol) [ 51 ] | The decoction of the whole plant is taken twice a day after meal | (1) A crude polysaccharide fraction (50 mg/kg) isolated from the leaves reduced food intake, body weight and fasting glucose levels in db/db mice in a 7 days study [ 52 ] (2) An iridoid glucoside (50 mg/kg) isolated from V. negundo leaves reduced the levels of plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and increased in the levels of insulin and haemoglobin in STZ induced diabetic rats in a 30 days study when compared with the glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) which was used as a positive control. Besides, it increased glycolytic enzymes level and glycogen content and decreased the levels of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver of diabetic rats [ 53 ] |
Leguminosae |
Bauhinia variegata L. | Kachnara (S), Kachnar (H), Camel’s foot tree (E) | Tree (W/C)/stem bark and flowers | Naringenin, quercetin 3-methyl ether, luteolin, rutin, isoquercitrin, daucosterol, 2′-hydroxy4′,6′-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy chalcone, kaempferol-3- O -glucoside [ 54 ] | About 10 mL of the bark juice (overnight soaked with water) is taken in the morning before a meal | Aqueous leaves extract (500 and 1000 mg/kg) decreased plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in high-fat diet and STZ induced diabetic rats in a 28 days study. |
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