Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.: A Potential Candidate as Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitor, and Cytotoxic Agent

Abstract

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (Asteraceae), which has a wide distribution area in Turkey, is a medicinally important plant. Eighty percent methanol extracts of the leaf, flower head, and root parts of A. minus were prepared and their sub-fractions were obtained. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic (high-performance liquid chromatography) techniques were used to assess the phytochemical composition. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical (DPPH●), 2,2′-Azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS●+) radical scavenging, and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assays. Furthermore, the extracts were subjected to α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipoxygenase, and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition tests. The cytotoxic effects of extracts were investigated on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The richest extract in terms of phenolic compounds was identified as the ethyl acetate sub-fraction of the root extract (364.37 ± 7.18 mgGAE/gextact). Furthermore, chlorogenic acid (8.855 ± 0.175%) and rutin (8.359 ± 0.125%) were identified as the primary components in the leaves’ ethyl acetate sub-fraction. According to all methods, it was observed that the extracts with the highest antioxidant activity were the flower and leaf ethyl acetate fractions. Additionally, ABTS radical scavenging activity of roots’ ethyl acetate sub-fraction (2.51 ± 0.09 mmol/L Trolox) was observed to be as effective as that of flower and leaf ethyl acetate fractions at 0.5 mg/mL. In the β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assay, leaves’ methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (1422.47 ± 76.85) at 30 min. The enzyme activity data showed that α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition of leaf dichloromethane extract was moderately high, with an 87.12 ± 8.06% inhibition value. Lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition was weakly detected in all sub-fractions. Leaf methanol extract, leaf butanol, and root ethyl acetate sub-fractions showed 99% tyrosinase enzyme inhibition. Finally, it was discovered that dichloromethane extracts of leaves, roots, and flowers had high cytotoxic effects on the MDA-MB-231 cell line, with IC50 values of 21.39 ± 2.43, 13.41 ± 2.37, and 10.80 ± 1.26 µg/mL, respectively. The evaluation of the plant extracts in terms of several bioactivity tests revealed extremely positive outcomes. The data of this study, in which all parts of the plant were investigated in detail for the first time, offer promising results for future research.

Phytochemical analyses by LC‐HRMS, FTIR spectral analysis, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antityrosinase activity of Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex M. Bieb fruit extracted with various solvents

“…investigated the inhibition effects of extracts (methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, water and butanol) obtained from different parts of the Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (Asteraceae) plant and found that the leaf dichloromethane extract was effective in inhibiting α‐glucosidase 66 . Torres‐Benítez et al .…”

“…(Asteraceae) plant and found that the leaf dichloromethane extract was effective in inhibiting ⊍-glucosidase. 66 Torres-Benítez et al showed that ethanol extracts of Cladonia chlorophaea and Cladonia gracilis (Cladoniaceae) had higher inhibition of ⊍-glucosidase compared to reference acarbose. 67 Aanachi et al reported that methanol extract showed the best inhibition against tyrosinase among Pelargonium graveolens methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts.…”

Overview of Ethnobotanical–Pharmacological Studies Carried Out on Medicinal Plants from the Serra da Estrela Natural Park: Focus on Their Antidiabetic Potential

“…Its extracts exert antihyperglycaemic properties through various mechanisms. According to İlgün et al [ 173 ], only the leaf extracts (excluding leaf ethyl acetate extract) showed α -amylase inhibition activity at a 1 mg/mL concentration ( Table 2 ). In the α - glucosidase inhibition assay, the dichloromethane extract of the A. minus leaf had the highest enzyme inhibition activity, with 87.12% inhibition, compared with the other extracts and with acarbose at a concentration of 1 mg/mL [ 173 ].…”

Phytochemical Profiles, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Traditional Medicinal Plants: Centaurea pichleri subsp. pichleri, Conyza canadensis, and Jasminum fruticans

“…One of the widely employed techniques used to assess antioxidant capacity is the DPPH scavenging activity test, which is a spectrometric procedure [ 41 ]. In our experiments, the inhibition (%) values of the extracts were compared with a positive control and evaluated in terms of antioxidant activity.…”

“…For quantification, the calibration curve of each standard was obtained. For method validation, accuracy, precision, the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantitation (LOQ), and recovery values were calculated for method validation [ 39 , 41 ]. The precision of the method (intra-day and inter-day variation) was carried out, and the differences were expressed by the relative standard deviation (RSD).…”