Phytochemical Compounds of Branches from P. halepensis Oily Liquid Extract and S. terebinthifolius Essential Oil and Their Potential Antifungal Activity

Abstract

In the present study, the antifungal activity of wood treated with Pinus halepensis branch n-hexane oily liquid extract (OLE) and Schinus terebinthifolius branch essential oil (EO) was evaluated against the growth of four phytopathogenic fungi—Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Rhizoctonia solani. Air-dried wood samples of Pinus roxburghii were autoclaved, and each wood received 100 µL of the concentrated oils from P. halepensis and S. terebinthifolius. The main compounds identified in S. terebinthifolius branch EO were terpinen-4-ol (18.25%), cis-β-terpineol (15.60%), γ-terpinene (12.46%), sabinene (9.83%), α-terpinene (8.56%), and 4-thujanol (6.71%), while the main compounds in P. halepensis branch HeO were 2-undecenal (22.25%), 4-hydroxy-10-methyl-3,4,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-2H-oxecin-2-one (8.43%), (Z)-2-decenal (6.88%), nonanal (5.85%), (2E)-2-decenal (4.65%), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (4.41%), arachidonic acid methyl ester (4.36%), and 2-(7-heptadecynyloxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran (4.22%). P. halepensis OLE at a concentration of 3% showed the highest inhibition percentage of fungal growth (IPFG) of B. oryzae, followed by S. terebinthifolius EO at 3% and 2%, with IPFG values of 80%, 74.44%, and 71.66%, respectively. At a concentration of 3%, branch oils from S. terebinthifolius and P. halepensis were found to have the highest IPFG values with 45.55% and 40.55%, respectively, against F. oxysporum growth. Moderate to weak activity was found against F. solani when S. terebinthifolius EO and P. halepensis OLE were applied to wood. EO and OLE-treated wood samples at 3% produced inhibitions of 54.44% and 41.11%, respectively, against R. solani.

Bioactivity of Selected Phenolic Acids and Hexane Extracts from Bougainvilla spectabilis and Citharexylum spinosum on the Growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum and Dickeya solani Bacteria: An Opportunity to Save the Environment

“…Thus, these aldehydes might be good compounds for playing a reserving role against human diseases caused by bacteria or as food preservatives, or might be a good alternative to other highly toxic disinfectants for hospital equipment. Recently, Pinus halepensis branch HeOE showed the presence of 2-undecenal, (Z)-2-decenal, nonanal, (2E)-2-decenal, and decadienal as main compounds, with a good antifungal activity against B. oryzae and F. oxysporum [89].…”

Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus aurantium, and Citrus sinensis Essential Oils as Antifungal Activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Fusarium culmorum

“…To control fungal growth, biosynthesis of mycotoxin, and food contamination, three main approaches (physical, biological, and chemical treatments) were recognized and used against mycotoxigenic fungi [7,23,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. The crude EO was more effective than the major compounds, for example, the EO extracted from some Eucalyptus species such as C. camaldulensis was more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the major constituents such as α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and p-cymene [46].…”

Foliar Application of Bio-Stimulants Enhancing the Production and the Toxicity of Origanum majorana Essential Oils Against Four Rice Seed-Borne Fungi

“…Table 7 shows that the minimum inhibitory concentrations calculated for the essential oil treatments ranged between 250 and 400 mg/L, which were lower than those from Mancozeb as a chemically positive control of all fungal isolates (range from 20 to 40 mg/L). Previous work showed that oil extracted with n-hexane at a concentration of 3% from Pinus halepensis showed an FMGI value of 80% against the growth of B. oryzae, while the EO from Schinus terebinthifolius observed the values of 74.44% and 71.66% at 3% and 2%, respectively [35]. Moreover, Cymbopogon martinii, O. vulgare and Cinnamomum zeylanicum EOs showed significant antifungal activities against F. graminearum and F. culmorum in wheat grains with FMGI percentages of 90.99% and 68.13%, respectively [61].…”

“…GC/MS with Xcalibur 3.0 data system has threshold values to confirm that all the MS of the compounds were attached to the library. Therefore, measuring their standard index (SI) and reverse standard index (RSI), values ≥ 650 are acceptable to confirm the compounds [35,[75][76][77][78].…”

“…The majority of these diseases are caused by seed-borne fungi. Phytometabolites and plant extract pesticides are some of the better alternatives to control fungal diseases; they have minimal environmental problems and pose less danger to consumers in contrast to synthetic pesticides [33][34][35]. Subsequently, in this study, the EOs obtained from O. majorana plants affected by the addition of MLE, AA, and Trp in foliar applications were used as an antifungal agent against rice seed-born fungi.…”