Phytochemical Constituent’s Comparison Using Various Drying Effects on Rubus Fraxinifolius Pour Leaves

Abstract

Rubus fraxinifolius is a genus that belongs to the Rosaceae family, which grows in the mountainous forests in Indonesia. The study aimed to determine the effects of air-drying (AD) and oven drying (OD) of the young R. fraxinifolius leaves and compare them to the fresh leaves (FL) to observe the phytochemical content and bioactivities. Phytochemical contents of the samples were determined based on qualitative assay, total phenolics, and total flavonoid, whereas bioactivities were evaluated on antioxidant DPPH free radical scavenging effect, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and antibacterial assays. LCMS-MS was used for the quantitative investigation of naturally occurring phytochemicals. The methanol exttract of FL had the highest free radical scavenging activity against DPPH with IC50of 45.51± 5.03µg/mL, total phenolic content (25.35 ± 1.06 mg GAE/100 mg extract), and total flavonoid content (28.71 ± 2.07 equivalent quercetin mg/ 100 mg extract) compared to those of AD and OD. However, AD had the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50= 8.86 ± 1.41µg/mL) among others. The antibacterial activity of the young leaves showed that there was no activity difference in both fresh and dried conditions. Based on LCMS-MS analysis, it was revealed that Luteolin-7-O-glucoronide, an active antioxidant flavonoid glycoside, had been detected in FL and AD leaf extracts, but it was not found in OD leaf extract. Our findings showed that drying could influence the phytochemical contents, which significantly affect the production of characteristic active compounds in R. fraxinifolius leaves.

Bioefficacy of Nga-Mon (Perilla frutescens) Fresh and Dry Leaf: Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimutagenicity, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential

“…However, the chemical and biological activities of herbs can be influenced by drying conditions [23,24], and enzymatic reactions in fresh plant cells can impact phytochemical metabolism, resulting in differences in phytochemical content. For example, drying was found to significantly affect the production of characteristic compounds in R. fraxinifolius leaves, with luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, an antioxidant flavonoid glycoside, being detectable in fresh extract but not in oven-dried extract [25]. In contrast, heat treatment was reported to enhance the antioxidant capacity of tamarind leaves by accelerating amine groups that scavenge singlet oxygen [26].…”

Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. Rosaceae

“…The fruit extracts have a weak acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity and moderate antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis (Bakar et al 2016). The leaves are found to possess antioxidant properties as well (Desmiaty et al 2018;Dewi et al 2019;Shamsudin et al 2019). Aqueous leaf extracts are potential anti-diabetic remedy and moderate antibacterial agent (Dewi et al 2019) showing partial inhibition for B. cereus (Galvez 2016).…”

“…Ripe fruit phytochemical screening shows the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols (Barcelo 2015;Galvez 2016), phenolics, anthocyanins, carotenoid (Bakar et al 2016) and quinon (Dewi et al 2019). Secondary metabolite profiling using GC-MS revealed that R. fraxinifolius fruits contain major compounds such as 2(1H)-pyridinone, 6-hydroxy-(14.589%); 1,1,2-triacetoxyethane (10.370%); 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one (8.283%); and 2-propenoic acid, 2-propenyl ester (3.589%) (Bakar et al 2016).…”

“…The leaves are found to possess antioxidant properties as well (Desmiaty et al 2018;Dewi et al 2019;Shamsudin et al 2019). Aqueous leaf extracts are potential anti-diabetic remedy and moderate antibacterial agent (Dewi et al 2019) showing partial inhibition for B. cereus (Galvez 2016). Of the five species of raspberries cultivated at Cibodas Garden in Bogor, Indonesia, R. fraxinifolius tested to have the highest sugar content of 5.05 g per 100 g of fruits (Surya et al 2018).…”

Quality control standardization of Indonesian noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) extract and evaluation of their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity

“…Phytochemical analysis to detect the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, triterpenes/steroid, and saponin in the extract using standard methods was carried out using colorimetric methods according to previous study with slight modification (Yadav et al 2011). The total phenolic content was estimated according to Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoid was determined according to aluminums trichloride method using quercetin as the reference compound (Dewi et al 2019).…”