Phytochemical content, especially spermidine derivatives, presenting antioxidant and antilipoxygenase activities in Thai bee pollens

Abstract

Background Bee pollen (BP) is full of useful nutrients and phytochemicals.Its chemical components and bioactivities depend mainly on the type of floral pollen. Methods Monofloral BP from Camellia sinensis L., Mimosa diplotricha, Helianthus annuus L., Nelumbo nucifera, Xyris complanata, and Ageratum conyzoides were harvested. Crude extraction and partition were performed to yield solvent-partitioned extracts of each BP. Total phenolic content (TPC) was assayed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the flavonoid content (FC) was measured by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant capacity was measured by the (i) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, (ii) 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity and its Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and (iii) ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). All samples were tested for lipoxygenase inhibitory (LOXI) activity. The most active sample was enriched by silica gel 60 column chromatography (SiG60-CC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), observing the chemical pattern of each fraction using thin layer chromatography. Chemical structure of the most active compound was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Results Dichloromethane (DCM)-partitioned BP extracts of H. annuus L. and M. diplotricha (DCMMBP) showed a very high TPC, while DCMMBP had the highest FC. In addition, DCMMBP had the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (as a TEAC value), as well as FRAP value. Also, DCMMBP (60 µg/mL) gave the highest LOXI activity (78.60 ± 2.81%). Hence, DCMMBP was chosen for further enrichment by SiG60-CC and HPLC. Following this, the most active fraction showed higher antioxidant andLOXI activities with an EC50 for DPPH and ABTS of 54.66 ± 3.45 µg/mL and 24.56 ± 2.99 µg/mL (with a TEAC value of 2,529.69 ± 142.16 µmole TE/g), respectively, and a FRAP value of 3,466.17 ± 81.30 µmole Fe2+/g and an IC50 for LOXI activity of 12.11 ± 0.36 µg/mL. Triferuloyl spermidines were revealed to be the likely main active components. Conclusions TPC, FC, and spermidine derivatives played an important role in the antioxidant and antilipoxygenase activities in M. diplotricha bee pollen.

Translational Research on Bee Pollen as a Source of Nutrients: A Scoping Review from Bench to Real World

“…Numerous studies have reported that the feeding of BP to animals resulted in a marked activation of diverse antioxidant mechanisms and an improvement in antioxidant defense against different experimentally-induced oxidative damages [ 132 , 137 , 142 , 172 , 184 , 185 ]. In addition, studies of BP extracts obtained by diverse solvents, including ethanolic [ 148 , 156 , 167 , 168 ], hydroethanolic [ 15 , 154 , 171 , 179 ], and diverse organic solvent-mediated extracts [ 150 , 151 , 153 , 175 ], have noted important antioxidant activities regardless of the extraction media. These bioeffects were also widely reported in animal models by studies that focused on different anatomical organs and physiological systems including renal [ 174 ], nervous [ 139 , 174 ], digestive [ 144 , 151 ], and reproductive [ 172 , 185 ] systems, as well as on different biochemical, hematological, and toxicological markers at systemic levels [ 137 , 165 , 184 ].…”

Chemical Properties and Biological Activity of Bee Pollen

“…For example, pollen from Eucalyptus spp. [27] and Helianthus annuus L. [28] displays a substantial inhibitory effect against tyrosinase, while pollen from Miconia spp. [27] has antihemolytic activity.…”

“…[27] has antihemolytic activity. Pollen from Cocos nucifera, Miconia spp., [27] Mimosa diplotricha [28], Brassica napus [29], coriander [30], Olea europaea, and Ononis spinosa [31] has also been shown to have antioxidant activity. Furthermore, anticancer activity from Olea europaea pollen [31] and antiparasitic activity from Attalea funifera pollen [32] have been observed as a result of these compounds.…”

“…Caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, gallic, protocatechuic, syringic, β-resorcylic, vanillic, p-hydroksybenzoic, and rosmarinic acid are among the main phenolic acids reported [32,35,39,40,43,44,46]. Furthermore, cinnamic acid amide derivatives, including spermidine [25,28,30,[47][48][49] and putrescine derivatives [32,50,51], and phenolic glycerides, like 1,3-O-coumaroyl-caffeoylglycerol (3) and 1,3-O-feruloyl-dihydrocaffeoyl glycerol (4), have also been identified [16], along with phenolic glycosides like 3,4,5-trihydroxycinnamic acid diglycoside (5) and 3-hydroxychinamic acid dirhamnoside ( 6) [45]. The compounds mentioned above are cinnamic or benzoic acid derivatives; however, polyphenols with other structures have been identified, including tyrosol [40] umbelliferone [43], ellagic acid [43], various glycosylated derivatives [45], and phytoalexines like resveratrol [40,44].…”

Unraveling the Antioxidant Activity of 2R,3R-dihydroquercetin

“…Most redox energy is safely channeled in the biochemical networks, but for some unknown reason, part of the oxidizing energy flow is uncontrolled [ 2 ]. This disordered energy can, seemingly quite randomly, damage our cells, and result in oxidative-stress-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, arthritis, cancer, atherosclerosis, aging, and neurological and neurodegenerative disorders [ 3 , 4 ]. In a healthy body, the oxidizing and reducing forces are—to a large extent—balanced and generate a reasonably controlled energy flow in which the accumulation of oxidative damage is kept within limits, and we can enjoy a lifespan of, on average, 80 years [ 5 ].…”