Phytochemical Contents of Different Parts of the Seeded Raisins from the South‐East Anatolia: Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Pulp Extracts

Abstract

In this study, some phytochemical properties of six seeded raisin species that are mainly cultivated in Southeastern Anatolia were investigated. Additionally, some physical and quality characteristics, phenolic contents (by LC‐MS/MS; Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass/Mass Spectrometer System), anticholinesterase, and antioxidant capacities (DPPH; 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free‐radical scavenging, ABTS; 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid cation‐radical scavenging activity and CUPRAC; cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) of the cultivars were investigated on ground raisins. In all three methods, the antioxidant activity values of seed extracts were determined to be higher than those of leaf and pulp extracts. Remarkably, the seed extract of Banazı Siyahı showed the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS (IC50: 4.35±0.02 μg/mL), DPPH (IC50: 10.78±0.78 μg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.5: 9.33±0.45 μg/mL) methods. Additionally, the ethanol extracts of all pulp samples showed higher anticholinesterase activity against acetyl‐(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes than galantamine. According to the LC‐MS/MS results, catechin (21.362 mg analyte/g extract) and epicatechin (44.667 mg analyte/g extract) found to be quite rich in Kerküş seed extract and isoquercitrin (116.873 mg analyte/g extract) and astragalin (31.915 mg analyte/g extract) detected to be quite rich in Banazı Siyahı leaf extract. Considering the mineral content of the varieties and the soil samples they grow in, all of the grape varieties analyzed in the study was found to be rich. Based on these findings, it might be suggested that Banazı Siyahı and Kerküş varieties have potential to be utilized in pharmaceutical and food industries, due to their contents of catechins, isoquercitrin and astragalin.

In Vitro and in Silico Analysis of Phytochemicals From Fallopia dentatoalata as Dual Functional Cholinesterase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…However, several compounds already have been evaluated for their potential anti-cholinesterase effects before, especially flavonoids ( Wu et al, 2017 ; Borowiec et al, 2022 ). For examples, compounds 1 , 5 and 19 showed over 50% inhibitions against AChE and BuChE, which further proved to be comparable with reported values ( Kim et al, 2016 ; Nugroho et al, 2018 ; Islam et al, 2021 ; Karatas et al, 2022 ). In addition, compounds 31 – 33 showed moderate inhibition of AChE, and were determined to be non-competitive inhibitors.…”

Detailed Phytochemical Evaluation of a Locally Endemic Species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC‐MS/MS and Its In‐Depth Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities

“…Antioxidants are therefore a useful tool in reducing molecular damage caused by oxidative stress, which is essential for maintaining human health [37] . Due to their capacity to neutralize free radicals by providing an electron or hydrogen atom to a number of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine species, polyphenols have been described as potent antioxidants [38] . Multiple cell free bioassays, including phosphomolybdenum, metal chelating, DPPH, CUPRAC, ABTS, and FRAP, were used to assess the antioxidant potentials of various plant components from the species under investigation.…”

“…[37] Due to their capacity to neutralize free radicals by providing an electron or hydrogen atom to a number of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine species, polyphenols have been described as potent antioxidants. [38] Multiple cell free bioassays, including phosphomolybdenum, metal chelating, DPPH, CUPRAC, ABTS, and FRAP, were used to assess the antioxidant potentials of various plant components from the species under investigation. Table 2 Extracts of AE, AM, AW, RE, RM, and RW were tested for their total antioxidant capacity using the phosphomolybdenum technique.…”