Phytochemical investigation of the bioactive extracts of the leaves of Ficus cyathistipula Warb.

Abstract

Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Ficus cyathistipula significantly reduced blood-glucose level, improved triglycerides and cholesterol levels of dyslipidemia in diabetic-rats. They similarly reduced the inflammation of paw-edema and stomach-ulcers in rats. Fractions obtained by successive partition of ethanolic extract were assessed for their cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities; Petroleum ether fraction was the most cytotoxic (IC(50) = 4.43 ± 0.2, 17.3 ± 2.22 and 15.5 ± 3.67 μg/ml on MCF7, HepG2 and HeLa cell lines, respectively). Ethyl acetate fraction was the strongest antioxidant in DPPH assay (IC(50) = 100 μg/ml). All samples exhibited low to strong antimicrobial activity. Chemical investigation of leaf extracts led to the isolation of α-amyrin palmitate (1), lupeol acetate (2), taraxerol (3), β-sitosterol (4), protocatechuic acid (5) and 3-O-caffeoyl quinic acid (6) that were identified via spectral and chromatographic analyses. Metabolite profiling was performed via UPLC-PDA-MS and revealed the presence of flavonoid glycosides, phenolic acids, isoflavones, coumarins and fatty acids. Quantitative determination revealed 593 ± 0.5 mg BSE, 348.1 ± 0.09 mg GAE, 238.7 ± 0.5 mg rutin and 9 ± 0.5 g tannins per 100 g d.wt. of leaves. GLC analysis of lipid fraction revealed identification of phytosterols (15.6%), saturated (51.71%) and unsaturated (41.9%) fatty acids. Galactose, glucose, arabinose and glucoronic acid (36.98%, 28.86%, 22.56% and 1.06%, respectively) were identified by HPLC analysis of mucilage-hydrolysate.

Asymmetric, Stereodivergent Synthesis of (−)‐Clusianone Utilizing a Biomimetic Cationic Cyclization

“…( + )-Clusianone ( 1 , Figure 1), a type B PPAP as indicated by the α-acyl β-hydroxy enone, [1f] was first isolated and characterized in 1976 from the bark of Clusia congestiflora . [3a] Since the early 1990’s, there have been a handful of isolation studies that address the molecule’s structure. [3] However, it was not until 20 years after its initial isolation that reports began to emerge on clusianone’s bioactivity.…”

“…[3a] Since the early 1990’s, there have been a handful of isolation studies that address the molecule’s structure. [3] However, it was not until 20 years after its initial isolation that reports began to emerge on clusianone’s bioactivity. [3c,4] In 2005, the compound was shown to possess notable anti-HIV activity (EC 50 = 20 n M ) by inhibiting the gp120-sCD4 viral-receptor interaction suggesting its potential for preventing HIV infection.…”

“…[3] However, it was not until 20 years after its initial isolation that reports began to emerge on clusianone’s bioactivity. [3c,4] In 2005, the compound was shown to possess notable anti-HIV activity (EC 50 = 20 n M ) by inhibiting the gp120-sCD4 viral-receptor interaction suggesting its potential for preventing HIV infection. [3c] Clusianone’s chemopreventative properties [4c,d] are thought in part to arise from its ability to inhibit histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes.…”

“…[3c,4] In 2005, the compound was shown to possess notable anti-HIV activity (EC 50 = 20 n M ) by inhibiting the gp120-sCD4 viral-receptor interaction suggesting its potential for preventing HIV infection. [3c] Clusianone’s chemopreventative properties [4c,d] are thought in part to arise from its ability to inhibit histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes. Nemorosone ( 2 ), an isomeric type A PPAP as indicated by the bridgehead substituted acyl group α to a quaternary center, [1f] has notable anticancer properties in part due to its ability to activate HAT enzymes [4b,d,f] and serve as a protonophoric mitochondrial uncoupler.…”

Phytochemical insvestigation of the lipoidal fraction of Passiflora caerulea L. grown in Egypt

“…Unsaponifiable matter (USM) and fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) were separately subjected to GLC analyses according to the conditions previously described (El-Sakhawy et al, 2016).…”