Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antipancreatic lipase activities of fermented Camellia japonica L leaf extracts

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the probable antioxidant, antimicrobial and antipancreatic lipase effects of fermented Camellia japonica leaf extracts. Methods: Camellia japonica leaves fermented with Nuruk were extracted using methanol and ethanol. Total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid and L-ascorbic acid contents were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were determined by free radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating and reducing power assays. Their antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli bacteria were evaluated by disc diffusion method. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase was measured based on the hydrolytic reaction of p-nitrophenyl butyrate with pancreatic lipase. Results: The ethanol extracts of fermented Camellia japonica leaves exhibited higher phenolic (32274 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoid (20519 mg RE/100 g) contents with higher superoxide (IC50 = 0.23 mg/mL), hydrogen peroxide (IC50 = 0.28 mg/mL) radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating (IC50 = 0.21 mg/mL) activities than those of methanol. These ethanol extracts also showed higher antimicrobial activities against all bacterial strains tested with higher inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase than methanol extracts. Conclusion: The results highlight the possible use of fermented Camellia japonica leaf extracts as a source of antioxidant, antibacterial and antiobesity agents. Ethanol is recommended as solvent for extracting antioxidants, antibacterial and antiobesity agents from this plant.

A Review on the Biological Activity of Camellia Species

“…A study comparing mature and green leaves concluded, similarly to the results obtained with C. sinensis , that green leaves possess higher scavenging activity [ 32 ]. Regarding the results obtained with alcoholic extracts, higher TPC, TFC, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating activities were obtained with ethanol (an observed trend among other species) while higher total carotenoids and L-ascorbic acid contents were obtained with methanol [ 33 ]. Steam plus leaves acetone and methanol extracts were also compared and acetone extract presented a higher activity in the DPPH and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays [ 34 ].…”

“…Gram negative S. typhimurium and E. coli demonstrated slightly greater sensitivity than the Gram positive L. monocytogenes and S. aureus to the extracts. Moon and Kim [ 33 ] studied the antimicrobial activities of fermented C. japonica L. leaf extracts (70% ethanol and 100% methanol) against S. epidermidis , B. subtilis , K. pneumonia and E. coli . The authors concluded that the ethanol extracts possess higher antimicrobial activities against all bacteria and that the antimicrobial activity was doses dependent for both extracts.…”

Evaluation of the In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts Derived from Leaves Of Camellia Japonica Cultivars (Theaceae) Against Enterobacter Cloacae Strain

“…Antimicrobial properties of fermented C. japonica leaf extracts against Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli bacteria were evaluated by disc diffusion method (Moon and Kim, 2018). Ethanol extracts showed higher antimicrobial activities against all bacterial strains tested with higher inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase than methanol extracts.…”

“…The results of this study highlight the possible use of fermented C. japonica leaf extracts as a source of antioxidant, antibacterial and antiobesity agents. Moreover, ethanol was recommended as a solvent for extracting antioxidants, antibacterial and antiobesity agents from this plant (Moon and Kim, 2018).…”

Phytopharmacological Strategies in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Ethanolic extracts of star apple Chrysophyllum cainito appears to present an inhibitory effect against pancreatic lipase (74.91%), and the concentration of its bioactive compounds in hexane showed 92.11% inhibition [26]. In fact, there are many studies involving the antipancreatic lipase properties of plants, including methanol extracts of fermented Camellia japonica (IC 50 = 0.308 mg/mL) [27]; ethanol extracts of Camelia sinensis (IC 50 = 0.5 mg/mL), Ceratonia siliqua (IC 50 = 0.8 mg/mL), Curcuma longa (IC 50 = 0.8 mg/mL), Sarcopoterium spinosum (IC 50 = 1.2 mg/mL), and Mentha spicata (IC 50 = 1.2 mg/mL) [28]; crude extract (IC 50 = 0.84 mg/mL), ethyl acetate extract (IC 50 = 0.88 mg/mL) and aqueous fraction (IC 50 = 0.63 mg/mL) of Oxalis cordata [32]. Eucalyptus globulus and Mentha viridis where evaluated for their inhibitory potential against lipase from Aspergillus niger and extracted from olive mesocarp [33].…”