Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Potential, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Dry Extract from Rosa damascena Mill

Abstract

Dry rose extract (DRE) obtained industrially by aqueous ethanol extraction from R. damascena flowers and its phenolic-enriched fraction, obtained by re-extraction with ethyl acetate (EAE) were the subject of this study. 1H NMR of DRE allowed the identification and quantitation of fructose and glucose, while the combined use of HPLC-DAD-ESIMS and HPLC-HRMS showed the presence of 14 kaempferol glycosides, 12 quercetin glycosides, 4 phenolic acids and their esters, 4 galloyl glycosides, 7 ellagitannins, and quinic acid. In addition, the structures of 13 of the flavonoid glycosides were further confirmed by NMR. EAE was found to be richer in TPC and TFC and showed better antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) compared to DRE. Both extracts displayed significant activity against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermidis, but showed no activity against Candida albicans. Toxicity tests on normal human skin fibroblasts revealed low toxicity for both extracts with stronger effects observed at 24 hours of treatment that were compensated for over the following two days. Human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells exhibited an opposite response after treatment with a concentration above 350 µg/mL for EAE and 500 µg/mL for DRE, showing increased toxicity after the third day of treatment. Lower concentrations were non-toxic and did not significantly affect the cell cycle parameters of either of the cell lines.

Pharmaceutical Potential Evaluation of Damask Rose By-Products from Volatile Oil Extraction

“…The concentration required to achieve a 50% reduction in these radicals was reported at 25.4 μg/mL and 8.7 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, the research by Trendafilova et al [ 45 ] investigated the antioxidant potential of dry rose ethanol (DRE) extract and re-extracted with ethyl acetate (EAE) from R. damascena flowers. The study found that EAE exhibited significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to DRE, with values of 680.48 mgGAE/g extract and 482.26 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g extract, respectively, as compared to 212.19 mgGAE/g extract and 135.28 mgRE/g extract for DRE.…”

“…Notably, the investigated crude extracts exhibited limited efficacy in inhibiting the growth of E. coli , a Gram-negative bacterium. A study by Trendafilova, Staleva, Petkova, Ivanova, Evstatieva, Nikolova, Rasheva, Atanasov, Topouzova-Hristova, and Veleva [ 45 ] also discovered that the dry rose extract from R. damascena flowers exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against several strains of bacteria, including C. acnes , S. aureus , and S. epidermidis , but showed no activity against C. albicans . The research by Bayhan et al [ 50 ] revealed no reduction in colony counts of the R. damascena hydrosol in the hand gel formulation.…”

Unveiling the mechanisms for the development of rosehip-based dermatological products: an updated review

“…Two types of extracts, ethyl acetate and aqueous ethanol extracts of R. damascena petals were evaluated for their effectiveness against P. acnes , S. aureus , and S. epidermidis. An inhibitory effect exceeding 100% has been observed particularly in the case of ethyl acetate extracts ( Trendafilova et al, 2023 ). These are in accordance with previous studies that revealed Rosa damascena (0.25% concentration, v/v ) and R. rugosa (≥80%) to exhibit the strongest bactericidal activity towards P. acnes ( Zu et al, 2010 ; Choi et al, 2021 ).…”

The In Vitro Assessment of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Efficacy in Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum Extracts against Pathogenic Strains in the Interplay of Dental Caries, Oral Health, and Food Microbiota

“…This result pinpoints the fact that R. damascena, with its diverse bioactive compounds like neral, geranial, phenyl ethyl, and phenolic compounds, exhibits inhibitory effects on microbial growth, targeting bacterial DNA gyrase and co-enzymes crucial for bacterial survival. Notably, phenolic compounds, including kaempferol and quercetin, showcase potential antimicrobial properties, making R. damascena a subject of interest for natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents [82,84,116]. Decoctions, essential oil, and absolute, methanol, and ethanol extracts of rose petals have exhibited antioxidant activity in different systems [117,118], as well as antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, S. typhimurium, B. cereus, C. albicans, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, etc.…”