Phytochemical Profile of the Ethanol Extract of Malvaviscus arboreus Red Flower and Investigation of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Activities

Abstract

Flowers are rich sources of bioactive antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer components. This study aimed to determine the constituents of the ethanol extract of Malvaviscus arboreus red flower (ERF) by GC-MS analysis and HPLC identification of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, in addition to the 1HNMR fingerprint. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of the ERF were investigated. The GC-MS analysis revealed twenty-one components, while HPLC analysis revealed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The ERF showed antifungal and antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity was found against Vibrio damsela where a time-kill assay revealed a decline in the amount of viable V. damsela. For fungi, the highest activity was observed against Aspergillus terreus. Using the SRB test on HepG2, the anti-proliferative efficacy of the ERF was evaluated. Cell cycle analysis was utilized to determine autophagic cell death. The ERF prevented the proliferation of the HepG2 cell line with an IC50 of 67.182 µg/µL. The extract primarily promoted apoptosis in HepG2 cells by accumulating hypodiploid cells in the sub-G0/G1 phase, increased caspase 3/7 activity, and caused considerable autophagic cell death in apoptosis-deficient cells. Finally, the observed elevation of cancer cell death indicated that ERF had substantial anticancer potential against HepG2 cells.

Phytochemical Analysis and Profiling of Antioxidants and Anticancer Compounds from Tephrosia purpurea (L.) subsp. apollinea Family Fabaceae

“…The identified phenol with antioxidant activity was 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol [37]. Additionally, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester [39], 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, which was present at the highest level relative to the other constituents [42], and methyl stearate [45] were the identified fatty acids methyl esters that are known to exert antioxidant and anticancer effects. However, the fatty acid methyl ester cis-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester exerts anti-inflammation-related effects [48].…”

The synergistic potential of orange peel extract: A comprehensive investigation into its phenolic composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and functional fortification properties in yogurt

“…The phenolic and flavonoid components of Citrus reticulata Peel were assessed through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using an Agilent 1100 system (Santa Clara, CA, USA). A 25 µL volume of the extract was injected, following a previously reported methodology ( Gazwi et al, 2022 ). For the determination of phenolic components, a C18 column (125 × 4.60 mm, particle size 5 µm) coupled with a UV/Vis detector at a 250 nm wavelength was employed.…”

“…Subsequently, a sterile cork borer was used to aseptically create an 8 mm diameter well, into which 100 uL of orange peels extract (OPE) was added. In the agar wells of control plates, we introduced DMSO (0.5 %) (obtained from R&M Marketing, Essex, UK) as a negative control, followed by incubating the plates at 37 °C for 24 h ( Gazwi et al, 2022 ) .…”

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant capacities, and in vitro biological activities of the extract of seed coat as by-products of pea

“…The GC–MS analysis of the SCP extract was performed according to a previously described method [ 20 ]. GC–MS was conducted at the National Center Dokki's mass spectrometry laboratory in Giza, Egypt, using a Thermo Scientific Trace GC Ultra ISQ single Quadrupole MS, TG-5MS fused silica and capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm film thickness).…”