Phytochemical Profiles and Anticancer Effects of Calophyllum inophyllum L. Extract Relating to Reactive Oxygen Species Modulation on Patient-Derived Cells from Breast and Lung Cancers

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to cancer growth and metastasis. Using antioxidants to modulate cellular ROS levels is a promisingstrategy for cancer prevention and treatment. Calophyllum inophyllum L., or tamanu, is a medicinal plant renowned for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties in traditional medicine systems. However, the anticancer effects of C. inophyllum extract on cellular ROS remain unexplored. This study represents the first report on such effects and provides the potential mechanisms underlying the anticancer properties of C. inophyllum extract. The branches of C. inophyllum were extracted, and the extract was comprehensively analyzed for phytochemical constituents, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Subsequently, the extract’s potential anticancer properties were evaluated using patient-derived cells from breast and lung cancer. The results revealed that the C. inophyllum extract possesses notable antioxidant activity and demonstrated no cytotoxicity within the initial 24 h of treatment. However, after 72 h, it exhibited significant antiproliferative effects. Moreover, the extract exhibited inhibitory properties against migration and invasion at concentrations below the IC50, which corresponded to the expression of related genes. Notably, these effects correlated with the reduction of intracellular ROS levels. Overall, our findings highlight the anticancer potential of C. inophyllum extract, emphasize its ability to modulate cellular ROS levels and target key molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. This study sheds light on the promising therapeutic implications of C. inophyllum extract as a novel agent for cancer treatment, which is safe for normal cells.

The Extraction of Bioactive Agents from Calophyllum inophyllum L., and Their Pharmacological Properties

“…According to Léguillier et al [6], bioactive fatty acids from the seed oil exhibited accelerated in vitro wound closure, the healing factor being 1.3 to 2.1 higher compared to control, and distinct antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strain involved in skin infections. The authors also reported the lowest and highest cytotoxicity value at LC 50 18.7% and 7.3%, respectively. The bioactive compound (4-(3-methylazetidin-1-yl) pentan-2-ol) of C. inophyllum seeds oil demonstrated potent antibacterial activities (17 ± 1.73 to 24 ± 1.15 mm) against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [12].…”

“…Based on their findings, the branches extract contains several bioactive compounds (antiarol, syringol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, pyrocatechol, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4Hpyran-4-one, 2-methoxyhydroquinone) which exhibited strong antioxidant activity and no cytotoxicity in the first 24 h of treatment. Nevertheless, it showed notable antiproliferative effects after 72 h [18].…”

“…Stem bark [16] Tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids Antiarthritic Stem bark and seeds [17] Antiarol, syringol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, pyrocatechol, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, and 2-methoxyhydroquinone Anticancer Branches [18] 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-5-methoxy-4- Inoxanthone, caloxanthones A, and B, macluraxanthone, 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone, calophynic acid, brasiliensic acid, inophylloidic acid, friedelan-3-one, calaustralin, calophyllolide, inophyllums C, and E…”

“…Stem bark and seed were found to show significant antiarthritic activity evidenced by clinical, biochemical, histological, and radiological evaluations [17]. Ruangsuriya et al [18] used patient-derived cells from breast and lung cancer to investigate the anticancer properties of the extract from C. inophyllum. Based on their findings, the branches extract contains several bioactive compounds (antiarol, syringol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, pyrocatechol, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4Hpyran-4-one, 2-methoxyhydroquinone) which exhibited strong antioxidant activity and no cytotoxicity in the first 24 h of treatment.…”