Phytochemical profiles, antioxidant, and antiproliferative activities of red‐fleshed apple as affected by in vitro digestion

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize the phenolic profiles in the extracts and digesta (after in vitro digestion) of different red‐fleshed apple fruit parts and to assess the effects of digestion on the in vitro antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity. The main polyphenols were identified by UPLC‐MS/MS and HPLC. Our results indicate that the digesta had less total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, but more free phenolic acids, than the extracts. An analysis of the in vitro antioxidant capacity (including ABTS radical scavenging activity, DPPH radical‐scavenging capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP], and cellular antioxidant activity [CAA]) revealed that the digestion decreased the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP values, but increased the CAA values, relative to the corresponding values for extracts. These results suggest that the digestion improved the effectiveness of the phenolic substances. Moreover, our findings imply that the digestion promoted the antiproliferative activity of red‐fleshed apple peels and flesh relative to the extracts. Future in vivo investigations are warranted based on the results of the current study. Practical Application The effects of an in vitro digestion on the phenolic compounds as well as the antioxidative and antiproliferative activities of red‐fleshed apple were evaluated. The resulting data may clarify the bioavailability of the polyphenols in red‐fleshed apple and enable scientists and consumers to exploit natural polyphenols.

Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extracts Attenuate Male Reproductive System Dysfunction Caused by Busulfan in Mice

“…Since RAAE is a mixture of various components, it is unclear which bioactive ingredient (s) in anthocyanins played the role in alleviating the adverse effects induced by busulfan. In this regard, we identified cyanidin 3-O-galactoside as the most abundant anthocyanin, consisting of what was observed in other red-fleshed apples by previous studies (24,43). It will be interesting to examine whether cyanidin 3-O-galactoside might be the active component that is able to reduce the adverse effect caused by busulfan in mice.…”

“…The analysis showed the anthocyanin content in the peel and flesh of red-fleshed "XJ4" to be over 400 mg/kg FW (Figure 1), which is much higher than the anthocyanin content of typical commercial white-fleshed cultivar "Fuji" by about 8 mg/kg FW (24). It has been suggested that the damage induced by busulfan to the spermatogenesis is mainly due to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (5,6,42).…”

“…The previous study on the treatment of porcine granulosa cells with anthocyanins extracted from the mesocarp of red-fleshed apple indicated an alleviating effect on oxidative damage (23). Furthermore, the proliferation of human breast cancer could be inhibited by red-fleshed apple, likely because of its antioxidant and anti-proliferation properties (24). However, all these assays that used red-fleshed apples were performed in in vitro studies, and little is known regarding the in vivo antioxidant effects of red-fleshed apples.…”

Differential effects of phenolic extracts from red‐fleshed apple peels and flesh induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells

“…The cytotoxicity assay toward MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cells was performed according to a previously described method by Li et al. (2020).…”

Combined Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Plasma Metabolites Reveals the Effect of Red-Fleshed Apple Anthocyanin Extract on Dysfunction of Mice Reproductive System Induced by Busulfan

“…Thus, Red-fleshed apple is a natural antioxidant with significant antioxidative activities and liver protective effects. Study found that among the four species studied, “Roberts Crab” had the highest content of total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, and the strongest scavenging ability on DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP ( 5 ).…”