Phytochemical Profiling and Antiviral Activity of Green Sustainable Nanoparticles Derived from Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet against Human Coronavirus 229E

Abstract

Plant secondary metabolites are key components for new, safe and effective drugs. Ethanolic extract of Maesa indica Roxb. Sweet (ME) aerial parts were used for biosynthesis of sustainable green zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with an average particle size 6.80 ± 1.47 nm and zeta potential −19.7 mV. Both transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction assay confirmed the hexagonal shape of ZnO NPs. Phenolic ingredients in ME were identified using LC-ESI-MS/MS-MRM revealing the identification of chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, coumaric acid, vanillin, naringenin, quercetin, ellagic acid, 3.4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, methyl gallate, kaempferol, ferulic acid, syringic acid, and luteolin. The major compound was chlorogenic acid at concentration of 1803.84 μg/g. The antiviral activity of ME, ZnO NPs, and combination of ME with ZnO NPs against coronavirus 229E were investigated. ZnO NPs had superior antiviral effect against coronavirus 229E than ME while their combination showed the highest anti-coronavirus 229E effect, with 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 5.23 ± 0.18 µg/mL and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 138.49 ± 0.26 µg/mL while the selectivity index (SI) was 26.47. The current study highlighted the possible novel anti-coronavirus 229E activity of green ZnO NPs synthesized from Maesa indica. More studies are needed to further investigate this antiviral activity to be utilized in future biomedical and environmental applications.

Bio-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. SA17 with antimicrobial and anticancer activities: in vitro supported by in silico studies

“…Additionally, the zeta potential value gives important information regarding the surface charge characteristics of ZnONPs, implying their potential for stable dispersion in neutral aqueous environments. Our data was very similar to those reported by Abdelbaky et al (2022) and Abdelgawad et al (2023) and more stable than ZnO nanoparticles prepared by Iqbal et al (2021) . The FTIR analysis was also utilized to study the functional groups in charge of ZnONPs production and stability including CH, C=O, C=C, C-O, C-N, and C-C-.…”

Phytochemical Elucidation and Effect of Maesa indica (Roxb.) Sweet on Alleviation of Potassium Dichromate-Induced Pulmonary Damage in Rats

“…All of these results confirmed the lung-protecting effect of the ethanolic extract of Maesa indica. This plant is rich in secondary metabolites, especially those which have antioxidant effects, such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds [5]. In this study, we identified 26 flavonoid compounds and 8 phenolic compounds.…”

“…Kaempferol has proved to be a strong antioxidant, and it could significantly reduce the damage caused by lung ischemia-reperfusion injuries by inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors including interleukin lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and tumor necrosis factor α into All of these results confirmed the lung-protecting effect of the ethanolic extract of Maesa indica. This plant is rich in secondary metabolites, especially those which have antioxidant effects, such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds [5]. In this study, we identified 26 flavonoid compounds and 8 phenolic compounds.…”

“…Palmitic acid, chrysophanol, glyceryl palmitate, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, dodecane, maesaquinone, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, rutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin, nitrendipine, 2,3dihydroxypropyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate, kiritiquinon, and β-thujone are among the many active ingredients identified in it [1,2]. Maesa indica is reported to have many biological properties like anticancer, antidiabetic [2], anti-angiogenic, anti-leishmanial, antioxidant, radical scavenging [2], antibacterial [3], antiviral [4] and anti-coronavirus [5].…”