Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Quercus sp. Galls (Oak Galls): A Systematic Review of Studies Published in the Last 5 Years

Abstract

Quercus species have been widely used in traditional medicine, and recently, researchers’ attention has focused on galls of the genus Quercus as a source of health-promoting phytochemicals. This review presents a summary of the most recent findings on the phytochemistry and bioactivity of oak galls, following the screening of scientific papers published in two relevant databases, PubMed and Embase, between January 2018 and June 2023. The oak galls are rich in active compounds, mostly gallotannins and phenolic acids. Due to these secondary metabolites, the reviewed studies have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, antimicrobial properties, tissue-protective effects, and antitumor, anti-aging, and hypoglycemic potential. Thus, oak galls are a promising natural matrix, to be considered in obtaining pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations used in anti-aging strategies and, together with medications, in the management of age-related diseases. In further evaluations, the valuable functional properties of oak galls, reported mostly in preclinical studies, should be confirmed with clinical studies that would also take into account the potential health risks of their use.

Molecular Basis of the Curative Effects of Turkish Gall Extracts on Periodontitis

“…[7] They are warm in nature and bitter in taste, and have various effects, such as induction of intestinal astringency, cough relief, and enhancement of blood coagulation.Turkish galls have been reported to possess promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, accelerated wound healing, and antitumor effects. [8][9][10][11] Turkish gall extracts are mainly used for clinical treatment of swollen and sore gums, recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), and Ulcerative colitis (UC). [12] Turkish galls exhibited antibacterial activity against bacteria known to cause periodontitis and dental caries.…”