Phytochemical profiling of Piper crocatum and its antifungal activity as Lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51 inhibitor: a review

Abstract

Mycoses or fungal infections are a general health problem that often occurs in healthy and immunocompromised people in the community. The development of resistant strains in Fungi and the incidence of azole antibiotic resistance in the Asia Pacific which reached 83% become a critical problem nowadays. To control fungal infections, substances and extracts isolated from natural resources, especially in the form of plants as the main sources of drug molecules today, are needed. Especially from Piperaceae, which have long been used in India, China, and Korea to treat human ailments in traditional medicine. The purpose of this review was to describe antifungal activity from Piper crocatum and its phytochemical profiling against lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51. The methods used search databases from Google Scholar to find the appropriate databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram as a clinical information retrieval method. From 1,150,000 results search by database, there were 73 selected articles to review. The review shows that P. crocatum contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, polyphenols, eugenol, alkaloids, quinones, chavibetol acetate, glycosides, triterpenoids or steroids, hydroxychavikol, phenolics, glucosides, isoprenoids, and non-protein amino acids. Its antifungal mechanisms in fungal cells occur due to ergosterol especially lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51 inhibition as a result of 5,6 desaturase (ERG3) downregulation. P. crocatum has an antifungal activity by its phytochemical profiling that act against fungi by inhibiting the fungal cytochrome P 450 pathway, make damaging cell membranes, fungal growth inhibition, morphological changes, and fungal cell lysis.

Antifungal Constituents of Piper crocatum and Their Activities as Ergosterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors Discovered via In Silico Study Using ADMET and Drug-Likeness Analysis

“…It can be suggested that compounds 1-3 have potential as new prospective candidate anti-fungal agents against C. albicans ATCC 10231. Some natural anti-fungal bioactive compounds against C. albicans ATCC 10231 were reported in some papers [57][58][59], but the anti-fungal activity of compounds 1-2 against C. albicans ATCC 10231 was reported for the first time in this research. This study adds to the list of natural anti-fungal compounds against C. albicans ATCC 10231.…”

“…Based on Table 4, ketoconazole, as the positive control, has zone inhibition of 30.0, 31.2, and 32.2 mm at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10% w/v, respectively, which means ketoconazole is a susceptible drug against C. albicans. This azoles group defines lanosterol 14α demethylase (ERG11) from ergosterol biosynthesis as a target protein against C. albicans, while the allylamines and thiocarbamates groups focused on squalane epoxidase (ERG1), the morpholines group on sterol 14∆ reductase (ERG24), the hydroxyanilides or amino-pyrazolinones group targeted on C-4 sterol methyl oxidase (ERG25), the C-4 sterol decarboxylase (ERG26), C-4 sterol ketoreductase (ERG27), and morpholines group focused on sterol 8∆ isomerase (ERG2), and the polyene macrolides group on C-24 sterol reductase (ERG4) in antifungal mechanisms [59,60]. Ergosterol is located along the C. albicans plasma membrane lipid bilayer consisting of bitopian endoplasmic reticulum proteins, which are coated by chitin, β-(1,3)-glucan, β-(1,6)-glucan, and mannoproteins which form galactosaminoglycan [64][65][66].…”

Anti-Infection of Oral Microorganisms from Herbal Medicine of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav

“…This demonstrates the potential for Red Betel leaf as an anti-fungal agent. The anti-fungal activity of P. crocatum Ruiz & Pav is derived from the secondary metabolite compounds contained therein, 75 as reported by multiple previous studies listed in Table 1 .…”

Potential of Syzygnium polyanthum as Natural Food Preservative: A Review

“…Antifungal mechanisms occur in fungal cells as a result of ergosterol inhibition induced by 5,6 desaturase (ERG3) inhibition [ 150 , 151 ]. Ergosterol is the most prevalent sterol in the fungal plasma membrane, and its binding to an ergosterol-specific enzyme can result in lanosterol demethylation [ 152 ]. The antimicrobial capacity of S. polyanthum is shown in Table 2 .…”