Phytochemical, Proximate, in-vitro Anti-malarial, Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Screening of Leaf Extracts of Combretum platypterum (Welw) Hutch & Dalziel

Abstract

Background: Combretum platypterum is used ethno-medically in the treatment many diseases in Africa, such as; helminthiasis, sexually transmitted diseases, conjunctivitis, malaria, lumps, fever, eye problems, diarrhea, lower backache, coughs, swellings, as febrifuge, tonic, and to stop post-partum bleeding.
 Aim: This work was aimed at investigating the phytochemical, proximate, anti malarial, anti inflammatory, anti bacterial and anti fungal activities of leaf extracts of Combretum platypterum.
 Methods: Leaves of C. platypterum were cold extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analyses, proximate, anti malarial, anti inflammatory and antimicrobial tests.
 Results: The results revealed that, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, resins and reducing sugars were found in all the extracts. It was also observed that the presence of the metabolites in each extract was in polarity-dependent manner. The percentage composition of carbohydrates was also the highest followed by the composition of proteins. The suppressions of the extracts against P. falciparum at half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 mg/ml) were found to be higher than that of chloroquine at IC50 µg/ml. It was also found that methanol extract had the highest inhibition against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner. K. pneumonia was resistant to the inhibition of the extracts. The anti inflammatory assays showed that methanol extracts at 500 mg/ml exhibited higher lipoxygenase Inhibition than diclofenac at 500 µg/ml. Ethyl acetate extract showed highest inhibition of heat-induced hemolysis, protein denaturation and proteinase among all the extracts.
 Conclusion: The therapeutic use of the leaves of C. platypterum against malaria and swelling was confirmed by the activities of the extracts against inflammation and P. falciparum. It is also necessary that the bioactive compounds responsible for these activities be isolated.

Comparative Phytochemical, Proximate and In vitro Antihyperglycemic Analyses of the Stem Bark Extracts of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth and Annona senegalensis Pers

“…Likewise, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides were not detected in the methanol extract. The lack of steroids in the methanol extract is not unexpected, given they are lipophilic compounds" [43]. On the other hand, A. senegalensis stem bark qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides in all three extraction solvents.…”

“…The extracts were subjected to quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis to determine the presence or absence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, carbohydrates, resins, tannins, reducing sugars, glycosides, and proteins using standard phytochemical procedures described by Anarado et al [43][44][45].…”

Comparative Phytochemical, In-vitro Anti-Hyperglycemic Activities of Napoleona vogelii Hook & Planch Stem Bark and Cassia occidentalis L. Root Extracts

“…"Protein content was determined according to the standard method of Anaradoet al, 2021b" [11]. "Exactly 0.5 g of sample was weighed into a 30 mL kjehdal flask (gently to prevent the sample from touching the walls of the side of each and then the flasks were stoppered and shaken).…”

“…A 100 mL receiver flask containing 5mL of 2 % boric acid and indicator mixture containing 5 drops of Bromocresol blue and 1drop of methylene blue was placed under a condenser of the distillation apparatus so that the tap was about 20 cm inside the solution. The 5mL of 40 % sodium hydroxide was added to the digested sample in the apparatus and distillation commenced immediately until 50 drops got intothe receiver flask, after which it was titrated to pink colour using 0.01 N Hydrochloric acid" [11].…”