Phytochemicals: Extraction Methods, Basic Structures and Mode of Action as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents

Doughari, James Hamuel

doi:10.5772/26052

Cited by 69 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…In recent years, antimicrobial drug resistance in human pathogenic bacteria has been commonly reported from all over the world (Doughari, 2012). In developing and developed countries, this situation is alarming due to prolong and indiscriminate use of antibiotics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though phytochemical screening is a process of tracing plant constituents, it is of paramount importance to qualitatively and quantitatively identify new source of therapeutically and industrially valuable compounds having medicinal values (Geetha and Geetha, 2104). Thus, various phytochemical analyses have been used for the identification of specific phytochemicals such as furfural, catechol, indole and benzoic acid (Doughari, 2012;Gracelin et al, 2013). Of the quantitative phytochemical analyses, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis is of importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial effects of methanol stem bark extract of Trilepisium madagascriense DC.

Olajuyigbe¹,

Faith²,

Adeoye-Isijola³

2017

ijSciences

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ABSTRACT:The therapeutic potentials of methanol stem bark extract of Trilepisium madagascriense was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to identify its bioactive compounds of pharmaceutical importance while the antimicrobial activities were assayed in vitro by agar well diffusion and macrobroth dilution techniques against different microbial isolates. The mass spectra of the identified compounds in the extract at different retention time showed the presence of ethyl iso-allocholate, (3β,5Z,7E)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(10)-triene-3,24,25-triol, 2,6-Dimethoxyamphetamine, 4-Hexenoic acid, 4-methyl-6-(fluorodimethylsilyl)-6-trimethysily-, 2-methoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)-Phenol, 2-methoxy-1,4-Benzenediol, 2,4-Dimethoxyphenol, Indole, Paromomycin, Hydroquinone and Tetrahydro-N-[(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)methyl-2-Furanmethanamine amongst other bioactive compounds of therapeutic potentials. This extract showed antimicrobial activities. At the lowest concentration of 25 mg/ml, 100 µl of the extract produced inhibition zones ranging between 14 and 18 ± 1.0 mm and inhibition zones ranging between 18 and 28 ± 1.0 mm in all the isolates at the highest concentration of 100 mg/ml. While the bacterial MICs ranged between 1.25 and 5 mg/ml and the MBCs ranged between 2.5 and 10 mg/ml, the fungal MICs ranged between 0.098 and 12.5 mg/ml while the MFCs ranged between 0.781 and <25 mg/ml. With exception of MIC index of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 which was equal to 4, the MIC index of other isolates ranged between 1 and 2. Klesbiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 and Proteus vulgaris CSIR 0030 had the highest MICs of 1.25 mg/ml, followed by B. cereus ATCC 10702, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19582, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Bacillus subtilis KZN with MICs of 2.5 mg/ml while Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus cloacae ATCC 13047, Enterococcus faecalis KZN, Shigella sonnei ATCC 29930, Klebsiella pneumoniae KpFa, Staphylococcus aureus SaFa, Escherichia coli EcFa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PmFa had the least MICs of 5.0 mg/ml. Enterococcus faecalis KZN, Bacillus subtilis KZN and Proteus vulgaris CSIR 0030 had the highest MBCs of 2.5 mg/ml. Although Candida albicans had MICs ranging between 0.098 mg/ml and Candida tropicalis had the least MICs of 12.5 mg/ml, the MFCs were 0.781 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml. This study shows that the pharmacological effects of Trilepisium madagascriense depends on bioactive compounds identified while this plant is a source for isolating novel drugs having significant therapeutic potentials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial effects of methanol stem bark extract of Trilepisium madagascriense DC.

Olajuyigbe¹,

Faith²,

Adeoye-Isijola³

2017

ijSciences

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“…Anti-herbivore properties of tannins have been demonstrated by some authors [9; 10]. Some plant derived tannins such as Theaflavin, Gallic acid, Daidzein [11] are of pharmacological important. Hence, plants and endophytes with this class of metabolites are equally of great pharmacological importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant Saponins act as natural insecticides to control pest insects [12], plant defense against phytopathogenic fungi [13]; with Avenacin A-1 (from young oat roots,) and α-Tomatine (from tomato) being widely studied [14]. Phenolics are widely distributed in plants with a variety of functions; with its main function being in plant defense against pathogens and herbivore predators, and are thus applied in the control of human pathogenic infections [11]. Phenolics essentially represent a host of natural antioxidants in plants [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzymes and qualitative phytochemical screening of endophytic fungi isolated from Lantana camara Linn. Leaves

Desire¹,

Bernard²,

Forsah³

et al. 2014

J App Biol Biotech

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Plants harbor endophytes, capable of producing metabolites and enzymes with functions similar to host plant extracts. An inventory of Lantana camara's endophytes could better explain the role played by extracts of this plant in its defense functions against pathogens. This study aimed at isolating and screening endophytic fungi from L. camara leaves for amylases, lipases and laccases production and for the production of some secondary metabolites using standard procedures. In-vitro culture techniques with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) as culture medium were used to isolate endophytes from L. camara leaf tissues. Isolates identification were done using macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Three endopyhtic fungi were isolated and labeled LI, LII, and LIII; LI and LII had a slimy texture and produced no reproductive structures (spores, conidia, septate hyphae etc) hence identified as mycelia sterilia. LIII was white, with an uneven surface growth, cottony dry aerial mycelium, visible hyphae with little branching and individual hyphae were septate, hence a Geotrichium sp. All isolates produced amylases and lipases while LIII solely produced laccase. The extract of LIII showed the presence of tannins and cardiac glycosides and absence of phenols and saponnins. The anti pathogenic roles of L. camara extract are thanks to the presence of endophytes in its tissues which produce enzymes that mediate plant defense functions as well as secondary metabolites with anti-pathogenic properties.

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Herbonanoceuticals: A Novel Beginning in Drug Discovery and Therapeutics

Saini

Thakur

Kaur

et al. 2019

Nanobiotechnology in Bioformulations

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Phytochemicals: Extraction Methods, Basic Structures and Mode of Action as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents

Cited by 69 publications

References 63 publications

GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial effects of methanol stem bark extract of Trilepisium madagascriense DC.

GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial effects of methanol stem bark extract of Trilepisium madagascriense DC.

Enzymes and qualitative phytochemical screening of endophytic fungi isolated from Lantana camara Linn. Leaves

Herbonanoceuticals: A Novel Beginning in Drug Discovery and Therapeutics

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