Phytochemicals of Nematode-Resistant Transgenic Plants

Mashela, P. W.; Ndhlala, A.R.; Pofu, K. M.; Dube, Z. P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_26

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The damage caused by nematodes hinges mainly on the migratory or sedentary phases of this species. The exo-parasitic species live in the soil and use long stylets to feed on epidermal cells; the endo-parasitic, mobile nematodes live inside the plant tissue and feed on non-lignified cells; other species are the sedentary nematodes, which are effectively managed through RNAi [53]. The yield losses of wheat in the presence of nematodes are caused mainly by cyst nematodes ( Heterodera spp.…”

Section: Higs Used For Controlling Diseases Of Wheat and Barelymentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-Induced Gene Silencing: A Powerful Strategy to Control Diseases of Wheat and Barley

Guo

Peng

et al. 2019

IJMS

117

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Wheat and barley are the most highly produced and consumed grains in the world. Various pathogens—viruses, bacteria, fungi, insect pests, and nematode parasites—are major threats to yield and economic losses. Strategies for the management of disease control mainly depend on resistance or tolerance breeding, chemical control, and biological control. The discoveries of RNA silencing mechanisms provide a transgenic approach for disease management. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) employing RNA silencing mechanisms and, specifically, silencing the targets of invading pathogens, has been successfully applied in crop disease prevention. Here, we cover recent studies that indicate that HIGS is a valuable tool to protect wheat and barley from diseases in an environmentally friendly way.

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Section: Higs Used For Controlling Diseases Of Wheat and Barelymentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-Induced Gene Silencing: A Powerful Strategy to Control Diseases of Wheat and Barley

Guo

Peng

et al. 2019

IJMS

117

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“…Trichoderma species are primarily biocontrol agents that have inherent capabilities of triggering plants to release chemicals with nematicidal properties ( Proveda et al, 2020 ; Yan et al, 2021 ). Such chemicals include flavonoids, phenols and chitinase, β-1,3 glucanase, protease, amylase, which are known as plant genes that confer nematode resistance in plants ( Mashela et al, 2017b ). The induced plant resistance as observed in var.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, nematode population densities were effectively managed using fumigant nematicides. However, their withdrawal from the agrochemical markets due to environmental issues that included climate change, shifted nematode management strategies to alternatives perceived as being sustainable and environment-friendly ( Mashela et al, 2017b ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Effects of Filamentous Fungi and Cucurbitacin Phytonematicide on Growth of Cowpea and Suppression of Meloidogyne enterolobii

Pofu

Mashela

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Cowpea [(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)] is highly susceptible to the emerging guava root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii, with available management options being limited due to the withdrawal of effective fumigant nematicides from the agrochemical markets. Filamentous fungi, available as Biocult (a.i. Glomus species + Trichoderma asperellum Lieckf and Nirenberg) and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide (a.i. cucurbitacin B) each improves plant growth and suppresses nematode population densities. However, when filamentous fungi like Biocult are combined with other biocontrol agents, the combined effects either have synergestic or antagonistic effects on the test variables. The combined effects of Biocult and cucurbitacin phytonematicides on plant growth and nematode suppression remain undocumented. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the combined effects of Biocult and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide on growth of cowpea var. Eureka and suppression of M. enterolobii population densities. Eureka was subjected to the effects of the two products in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment on a field infested with M. enterolobii. At harvest, the interaction of Biocult and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide was highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) on plant and nematode variables, with a two-way table used to assess the findings. Relative to untreated control, Biocult alone increased plant growth variables from 15 to 74%. Similarly, NemafricBL phytonematicide increased plant variables from 14 to 61%, whereas the combined effects significantly increased dry shoot mass (19%) and dry harvestable leaf mass (21%), but did not have significant effects on plant height and stem diameter. Relative to untreated control, Biocult alone reduced nematode eggs in root (80%), J2 in root (84%) and J2 in soil (53%), whereas the combined relative effects of the two products did not have significant effects on nematode population densities. In conclusion, Biocult and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide had antagonistic effects on growth of cowpea and suppression of M. enterolobii population densities and therefore, should be used separately in cowpea production.

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“…Post-withdrawal of environment-unfriendly fumigant synthetic nematicides from the agrochemical markets in 2005 1 , crop losses due to plant-parasitic nematodes increased 2 , 3 , with global estimates rising to as high as 37% at eight-years relative to the pre-withdrawal year of methyl bromide 4 . A wide range of alternatives were then researched and developed for managing nematode population densities 5 , particularly the notorious sedentary root-knot ( Meloidogyne species) nematodes 4 . Among the alternatives for managing nematode population densities were the cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides, which consistently reduced high percentages of nematode numbers relative to positive controls 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon following chemical cues from and penetrating the roots 10 , J2 move through the cortex towards the root tips and after reaching the tips, penetrate the vascular bundle and move upward to the infection site 11 , 12 . During exploratory movements in the soil, J2 take as long as five days to 12 weeks 4 , 9 , where lipid-using J2 could be exposed to cucurbitacins in soil solutions. Infective juveniles (IJ) of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinerma feltiae Filipjev, were tolerant to cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides 13 , 14 , which was confirmed through morphometric measurements 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric and total protein responses in Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles to Nemafric-BL phytonematicide

Mashela

Shokoohi

2021

Sci Rep

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After hatch, second-stage juveniles (J2) of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes could spend at least 12 weeks in soil solutions searching for penetration sites of suitable host plants. The external covering of nematodes, the cuticle, consists of various layers that contain glycoproteins, lipids, soluble proteins (collagens) and insoluble proteins (cuticulins). Generally, cucurbitacins are lipophilic, but there is scant information on how cuticular proteins relate to these complex terpenoids. A study was conducted to investigate the nature and extent of damage post-exposure of J2 to a wide range of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentrations. Post-72 h exposure to Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, nematode morphometrics versus phytonematicides exhibited either negative quadratic, positive quadratic, or negative linear relations, with the models explained by significant (P < 0.05) associations (R-squared). Similarly, total proteins versus phytonematicide exhibited significant negative quadratic relations. The principal component analysis indicated that concentration level of 2–4% of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide have the highest impact on the morphometric changes of J2. In conclusion, the nature and extent of damage suggested that Nemafric-BL phytonematicide was highly nematicidal as opposed to being nematostatic, thereby explaining its potent suppressive effects on nematode population densities.

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Phytochemicals of Nematode-Resistant Transgenic Plants

Cited by 5 publications

References 71 publications

Host-Induced Gene Silencing: A Powerful Strategy to Control Diseases of Wheat and Barley

Host-Induced Gene Silencing: A Powerful Strategy to Control Diseases of Wheat and Barley

Interactive Effects of Filamentous Fungi and Cucurbitacin Phytonematicide on Growth of Cowpea and Suppression of Meloidogyne enterolobii

Morphometric and total protein responses in Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles to Nemafric-BL phytonematicide

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