Phytochemistry and Anticancer Effects of Mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata Lam.) Leaves and Stems Extract against Different Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract

The biologically active components of the methanol extracts of R. mucronata were identified using GC/MS. The anticancer effects of each methanol extract from the leaves and stem were evaluated against cancer and non-cancer cell lines. The MTT assay was used in order to evaluate cell viability, and the IC50 and the selectivity indices were calculated in relation to a positive control (doxorubicin). The results showed that 11 and 8 different chemical compounds were found in the methanol extracts from the leaves and stems of R. mucronata, respectively. The active constituents of R. mucronata leaves and stems had anticancer effects against colon cancer (CaCo-2), with IC50 levels of 127 ± 4 μg/mL and 107 ± 6 μg/mL, respectively, and on breast cancer (MCF-), with IC50 levels of 158 ± 10 μg/mL and 138 ± 4 μg/mL, respectively. These were both greater than their effects on prostate cancer (PC-3), for which they showed IC50 levels of 480 ± 14 μg/mL and 294 ± 3 μg/mL, respectively. However, the anticancer effect of the stems on lung cancer (A549) (IC50 = 155 ± 10 μg/mL) was greater than that of the leaves (IC50 = 376 ± 9 μg/mL) in comparison with doxorubicin. Neither the stems nor the leaves of R. mucronata showed any cytotoxicity against normal cells (WI-38), with the IC50 being 932 ± 30 μg/mL for the leaves and 629 ± 3 μg/mL for the stems.

Phytochemical Analysis and Profiling of Antitumor Compounds of Leaves and Stems of Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb.

“…Voucher specimens were placed in the Center’s Herbarium (CAIH-0042R). Both parts of the plant were washed using tap water and dried for 10 days at 25 °C in a ventilated room in the shade and were subsequently powdered separately [ 68 ].…”

“…In a dissector, the residues were dried to provide dry weights of 24.68 g/100 g for the leaves and 14.93 g/100 g for the stems. The bioactive components were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the crude methanol extracts [ 68 , 69 ].…”

“…The injector temperature was 200 °C, the detector was 300 °C and the flow rate of the carrier gas, helium, was 1 mL/min. The WILEY and NIST Mass Spectral Databases were employed as search libraries [ 68 ].…”

Synthesis and biological evaluation of ciprofloxacin – 1,2,3-triazole hybrids as antitumor, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents

“…This is the ratio of test compound IC50 values in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) to test compound IC50 values in each cancer cell line. Values > 3 indicate that the test compound has in vitro selective anti-tumor activity in cancer cell lines versus normal cells [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Phytochemical Profile from the Leaves of the Mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. for Future Drug Discovery

“…In addition, based on reports Tseng et al (2023) , aldehyde compounds are potent anti-inflammatory active compounds in Cinnamomum cassia. Desulphosinigrin, a type of glucosinolate, is also documented for its anti-cancer and antimi- 4,4a,5,8-tetrahydro-5,8-dimethyl-, (4a𝛼,5𝛼,8𝛼)-Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester 1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl-6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester crobial properties (Youssef et al, 2023) . 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate is a compound originating from the amino acid methionine, known for its antifungal, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties (Elaiyaraja and Chandramohan, 2018) .…”