Phytochrome control of flowering is temperature sensitive and correlates with expression of the floral integrator <i>FT</i>

Halliday, Karen; Salter, Michael; Thingnaes, Elin; Whitelam, Garry C.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01674.x

Cited by 282 publications

(228 citation statements)

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“…5; Boyes et al 2001). These observations indicated that the thermosensory signaling pathway functions, at least in part, via FT (Blázquez et al 2003;Halliday et al 2003). A reporter assay, carried out to confirm the negative regulation of FT expression effected by SVP, revealed profound ectopic pFTϻGUS expression in both the leaves and vascular root tissues of the svp-32 mutants (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Role of SVP in the control of flowering time by ambient temperature in Arabidopsis

Lee¹,

Yoo²,

Park³

et al. 2007

Genes Dev.

584

564

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Plants are sessile organisms and are, consequently, exposed to a wide variety of environmental stresses, both abiotic and biotic, exerted by their surroundings. The most common of these is temperature. Within the range of temperatures tolerable to plants, the response to low temperature, particularly near-freezing temperature, is well understood. Plants have evolved a number of adaptive mechanisms to meet the challenge of low temperature. In Arabidopsis, flowering is accelerated by prolonged exposure to cold, a process called vernalization. The epigenetic silencing of the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) (Michaels and Amasino 1999;Sheldon et al. 1999) is central to the vernalization process (Sung and Amasino 2005), and this silencing has been attributed to the activities of the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1), VERNAL-IZATION2 (VRN2), and VERNALIZATION INSENSI-TIVE3 (VIN3) genes (Gendall et al. 2001;Levy et al. 2002;Sung and Amasino 2004). Cold acclimation is another well-characterized response to low temperature (Guy 1990). Plants become tolerant to freezing temperatures by being previously exposed to short periods of low but nonfreezing temperatures. Analyses of mutant plants have identified C-Repeat-binding factor (CBF)-dependent and CBF-independent signaling pathways in cold acclimation (Sharma et al. 2005), suggesting that plants use distinct mechanisms to respond to low temperature.There is increasing concern about the potential impact of global temperature changes, which significantly affect ambient temperature, on plant development. Several lines of evidence suggest that the recently observed alterations in the flowering times of many plant species and the increase in plant respiration rates are closely associated with these changes in ambient temperature (Fitter and Fitter 2002;Atkin and Tjoelker 2003). Although a great deal of progress has been made in our understanding of the regulation of plant development by low temperature, less is currently known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of plants to changes in ambient temperature (Coupland and Prat Monguio 2005;Samach and Wigge 2005). Here, we show that the SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) gene mediates ambient temperature signaling in Arabidopsis and that the SVP-mediated control of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression is one of the molecular mechanisms evolved by plants to modulate the timing of the developmental transition to flowering phase in response to changes in the ambient temperature. Results and DiscussionAs a first step to determining the mechanism underlying the perception and transduction of ambient temperature signaling in plants, we assessed mutants in known flowering time genes for their insensitivity to changes in ambient growth temperature. Of the flowering time mutants tested, one with a lesion in svp was indeed insensitive to such changes. The flowering of the majority of these flowering time mutants was noticeably delayed at 16°C, with flowering time ratios (16°C/23°C) ranging from 1.1 to 2.0 (Fig. 1A), the exception being ld-1. However,...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Role of SVP in the control of flowering time by ambient temperature in Arabidopsis

Lee¹,

Yoo²,

Park³

et al. 2007

Genes Dev.

584

564

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Despite individual mutations in all five Arabidopsis PHY genes and even the quadruple phytochrome mutants being reported several years ago (34,35,37,38), the isolation of the quintuple mutant has remained elusive. We have obtained the phyA phyB phyC phyD phyE mutant of Arabidopsis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis thaliana life without phytochromes

Strasser

Sánchez‐Lamas

Yanovsky

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

172

150

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Plants use light as a source of energy for photosynthesis and as a source of environmental information perceived by photoreceptors. Testing whether plants can complete their cycle if light provides energy but no information about the environment requires a plant devoid of phytochromes because all photosynthetically active wavelengths activate phytochromes. Producing such a quintuple mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana has been challenging, but we were able to obtain it in the flowering locus T ( ft ) mutant background. The quintuple phytochrome mutant does not germinate in the FT background, but it germinates to some extent in the ft background. If germination problems are bypassed by the addition of gibberellins, the seedlings of the quintuple phytochrome mutant exposed to red light produce chlorophyll, indicating that phytochromes are not the sole red-light photoreceptors, but they become developmentally arrested shortly after the cotyledon stage. Blue light bypasses this blockage, rejecting the long-standing idea that the blue-light receptors cryptochromes cannot operate without phytochromes. After growth under white light, returning the quintuple phytochrome mutant to red light resulted in rapid senescence of already expanded leaves and severely impaired expansion of new leaves. We conclude that Arabidopsis development is stalled at several points in the presence of light suitable for photosynthesis but providing no photomorphogenic signal.

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“…The effect of FR-enriched light (FREL) on flowering time has been investigated in wild-type Arabidopsis, as well as late-flowering lines containing mutations in autonomous-pathway or photoperiodpathway genes (Martinez-Zapater and Somerville, 1990;Eskins, 1992;Bagnall, 1993;Lee and Amasino, 1995;Cerdan and Chory, 2003). The molecular details of how FREL promotes flowering are not well understood, but low R:FR ratios are known to increase expression of FT (Cerdan and Chory, 2003;Halliday et al, 2003). Interestingly, a correlation has been observed between vernalization responsiveness and the promotion of flowering by FREL (Bagnall, 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

Regulation of CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T Expression in Response to Changing Light Quality

Kim¹,

Yu²,

Michaels³

2008

Plant Physiol.

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In addition to pathways that regulate flowering in response to environmental signals such as photoperiod or cold temperatures (vernalization), flowering time is also regulated by light quality. In many species, far-red (FR) light is known to accelerate flowering. This is environmentally significant because leaves absorb more red light than FR light; thus, plants growing under a canopy experience light that is enriched in FR light. In this article, we have explored the promotion of flowering by FRenriched light (FREL) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Previous work has shown that the floral promoter CONSTANS (CO) plays a critical role in day-length perception and exhibits complex regulation; CO mRNA is regulated by the circadian clock and CO protein is stabilized by light and degraded in darkness. We find that plants grown under FREL contain higher levels of CO mRNA in the early part of the day than plants under white light. Furthermore, transgenic plants expressing CO under the control of a constitutive promoter accumulate higher levels of CO protein under FREL, indicating that FREL can increase CO protein levels independently of transcription. Consistent with the model that FREL promotes flowering through CO, mutants for co or gigantea, which are required for CO transcript accumulation, are relatively insensitive to FREL. Because the red:FR ratios used in these experiments are in the range of what plants would experience under a canopy, these results indicate that the regulation of CO by light quality likely plays a key role in the regulation of flowering time in natural environments.

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Phytochrome control of flowering is temperature sensitive and correlates with expression of the floral integrator FT

Cited by 282 publications

References 50 publications

Role of SVP in the control of flowering time by ambient temperature in Arabidopsis

Role of SVP in the control of flowering time by ambient temperature in Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis thaliana life without phytochromes

Regulation of CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T Expression in Response to Changing Light Quality

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