Phytochrome Control of Levels of mRNA Complementary to Plastid and Nuclear Genes of Maize

Zhu, Yu; Kung, Shain‐dow; Bogorad, Lawrence

doi:10.1104/pp.79.2.371

Cited by 76 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This light regulation is attributable in part to the phytochrome signal transduction pathway because the levels of Ppc and RbcS2 are reduced in the phytochrome-deficient elm1 mutant under R and FR. Previous studies have demonstrated a role for R in inducing cell-specific expression of Ppc (Langdale et al, 1988a;Thomas et al, 1990;Schaffner and Sheen, 1992) and RbcS (Zhu et al, 1985;Purcell et al, 1995) after a shift from D to light growth. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of R, B, and FR light on maintaining the levels of Ppc and RbcS2 in fully differentiated C4 photosynthetic tissues.…”

Section: Influence Of Light Quality On Photosynthetic Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photomorphogenic Responses in Maize Seedling Development

2003

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As an emerging maize (Zea mays) seedling senses light, there is a decrease in the rate of mesocotyl elongation, an induction of root growth, and an expansion of leaves. In leaf tissues, mesophyll and bundle sheath cell fate is determined, and the proplastids of each differentiate into the dimorphic chloroplasts typical of each cell type. Although it has been inferred from recent studies in several model plant species that multiple photoreceptor systems mediate this process, surprisingly little is known of light signal transduction in maize. Here, we examine two photomorphogenic responses in maize: inhibition of mesocotyl elongation and C4 photosynthetic differentiation. Through an extensive survey of white, red, far-red, and blue light responses among a diverse collection of germplasm, including a phytochrome-deficient mutant elm1, we show that light response is a highly variable trait in maize. Although all inbreds examined appear to have a functional phytochrome signal transduction pathway, several lines showed reduced sensitivity to blue light. A significant correlation was observed between light response and subpopulation, suggesting that light responsiveness may be a target of artificial selection. An examination of C4 gene expression patterns under various light regimes in the standard W22 inbred and elm1 indicate that cell-specific patterns of C4 gene expression are maintained in fully differentiated tissues independent of light quality. To our knowledge, these findings represent the first comprehensive survey of light response in maize and are discussed in relation to maize breeding strategies.The transition from skotomorphogenic to photoautotrophic growth is a complex and highly regulated process that has been the subject of intense study (Nemhauser and Chory, 2002). However, in maize (Zea mays), little is known of the underlying mechanisms governing this transition (Vanderhoef and Briggs, 1978). Under current cultivation practices, maize seeds are sown within a few inches of the soil surface. Soon after germination, the shoot apex, sheathed by the coleoptile, is pushed through the soil by the elongating mesocotyl. Reduced root formation and unexpanded leaves facilitate this rapid upward movement of the shoot apex while expending the least amount of energy from seed reserves. At the soil surface, incident light represses mesocotyl elongation, induces leaf expansion, and promotes root formation. As cells are recruited into emerging leaf primordia, proplastids differentiate into the dimorphic bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cell chloroplasts, and the photoautotrophic phase of sporophytic development begins.Light is the most important environmental cue to signal the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. In higher plants, phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins, and UV-B photoreceptors enable the developing seedling to monitor the quality and flux of incident light (Kevei and Nagy, 2003). The photoreversible phytochromes mediate responses to red (R) and far-red (FR) regions of th...

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Section: Influence Of Light Quality On Photosynthetic Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photomorphogenic Responses in Maize Seedling Development

2003

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“…In etiolated monocot and dicot seedlings phyA is the predominant phytochrome species (Quail, 1994;Smith, 1995) and it has been extensively shown that red and far-red light are the primary signals stimulating chloroplast transcription and mRNA accumulation (Bottomley, 1970;Link, 1982;Thompson et al, 1983;Zhu et al, 1985). In etiolated pea the activation of chloroplast transcription is a high-irradiance response to far-red light mediated by phyA (Dubell and Mullet, 1995).…”

Section: Developmental Change In Action Spectrum For Chloroplast Tranmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research on the role of phytochrome in chloroplast gene expression depended on varying light quality and fluence treatments of wild-type plants, particularly, seedlings (Bottomley, 1970;Link, 1982;Thompson et al, 1983;Zhu et al, 1985;Dubell and Mullet, 1995;Christopher, 1996). To our knowledge no studies have used the two systems described here to examine the photobiology of chloroplast transcription and to measure chloroplast transcription directly in a phytochrome mutant.…”

Section: Blue Light/uv-a Activate Chloroplast Transcription In Maturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the studies of phytochrome involvement in chloroplast gene expression have used seedlings as experimental material and have focused on deetiolation (Link, 1982;Thompson et al, 1983;Zhu et al, 1985;Bowler et al, 1994;Christopher and Mullet, 1994;Dubell and Mullet, 1995). In contrast, we know very little about the photobiology of light-activated transcription of chloroplast genes in green primary leaves.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, much less is known about the individual photoreceptor species and photosensory pathways that modulate gene expression in chloroplasts. In seedlings, red and far-red light, mediated by phytochrome, are primary signals that control the levels of light-induced chloroplast mRNA (Link, 1982;Thompson et al, 1983;Zhu et al, 1985) and RNA polymerase activities (Bottomley, 1970;Dubell and Mullet, 1995;Christopher, 1996). Although phyA and the downstream nuclear protein, DET1, have been shown to be involved (Pepper et al, 1994;Dubell and Mullet, 1995;Christopher, 1996;Christopher and Hoffer, 1998), the effects of mutants for individual phytochrome species on chloroplast transcription have not been examined directly.…”

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Phytochrome A Mediates Blue Light and UV-A-Dependent Chloroplast Gene Transcription in Green Leaves

2001

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We characterized the photobiology of light-activated chloroplast transcription and transcript abundance in mature primary leaves by using the following two systems: transplastomic promoter-reporter gene fusions in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and phytochrome (phyA, phyB, and hy2) and cryptochrome (cry1) mutants of Arabidopsis. In both dicots, blue light and UV-A radiation were the major signals that activated total chloroplast and psbA, rbcL, and 16S rrn transcription. In contrast, transcription activities in plants exposed to red and far-red light were 30% to 85% less than in blue light/UV-A, depending on the gene and plant species. Total chloroplast, psbA, and 16S rrn transcription were 60% to 80% less in the Arabidopsis phyA mutant exposed to blue light/UV-A relative to wild type, thus definitively linking phyA signaling to these photoresponses. To our knowledge, the major role of phyA in mediating the blue light/UV-A photoresponses is a new function for phyA in chloroplast biogenesis at this stage of leaf development. Although rbcL expression in plants exposed to UV-A was 50% less in the phyA mutant relative to wild type, blue light-induced rbcL expression was not significantly affected in the phyA, phyB, and cry1 mutants. However, rbcL expression in blue light was 60% less in the phytochrome chromophore mutant, hy2, relative to wild type, indicating that another phytochrome species (phyC, D, or E) was involved in blue light-induced rbcL transcription. Therefore, at least two different phytochromes, as well as phytochrome-independent photosensory pathways, mediated blue light/UV-A-induced transcription of chloroplast genes in mature leaves.

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Expression of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene and three small subunit genes in two cell types of maize leaves

Sheen

Bogorad

1986

The EMBO Journal

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Transcripts of three distinct ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) small subunit (SS) genes account for ∼90% of the mRNA for this protein in maize leaves. Transcripts of two of them constitute >80% of the SS mRNA in 24‐h greening maize leaves. The third gene contribute ∼10%. Transcripts of all three nuclear‐encoded SS genes are detectable in bundle sheath (BSC) and mesophyll cells (MC) of etiolated maize leaves. The level of mRNA for each gene is different in etioplasts of MC but all drop during photoregulated development of chloroplasts in MC and follow a pattern of transitory rise and fall in BSC. The amounts of LS and SS proteins continue to increase steadily well after the mRNA levels reach their peaks in BSC. The molar ratio of mRNA for chloroplast‐encoded RuBPC large subunit (LS) to the nuclear genome encoded SS is about 10:1 although LS and SS proteins are present in about equimolar amounts.

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Phytochrome Control of Levels of mRNA Complementary to Plastid and Nuclear Genes of Maize

Abstract: The involvement of phytochrome in the control of the levels of RNA tranbed from maize plastid and nuclar genes was examined.

Cited by 76 publications

References 24 publications

Photomorphogenic Responses in Maize Seedling Development

Photomorphogenic Responses in Maize Seedling Development

Phytochrome A Mediates Blue Light and UV-A-Dependent Chloroplast Gene Transcription in Green Leaves

Expression of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene and three small subunit genes in two cell types of maize leaves

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