Phytoconstituent and In silico Screening of Active Compounds from Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) Rhizome and Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Leaves Extracts as Novel Inhibitors of MRSA

Abstract

Red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) are empirically known as one of the medicinal plants used in Taro Village, Gianyar Regency, Bali which have great potential in treating infectious diseases caused by antibiotic resistance, such as MRSA. This study aims to analyze the phytoconstituents and anti-MRSA potential contained in red ginger rhizome and avocado leaves extracts by assessing their inhibitory effects on three proteins related to MRSA resistance and virulence (PBAP2a, transglycosylase, and glycosyltransferase). Phytoconstituents of avocado leaf and red ginger extracts were analyzed using GC-MS. Molecular docking was performed in silico to determine the similarity properties of predicted drugs, bioactivity, toxicity, identification of active sites and validation of protein structures, and docking simulations were performed between compounds found in the extract and their target proteins. Phytoconstituent analysis revealed that avocado leaves and red ginger extracts as a whole have 43 types of compounds and 10 bioactive compounds each with beneficial drug-like properties. The compound 6,11-hexadecadien-1-ol from avocado leaves extracts was predicted to have hepatotoxic properties. There were at least 3 compounds, namely beta-bisabolene from avocado leaves extract, zingiberenol and gamma-curcumene from red ginger rhizome extract, showing the lowest binding affinity for the target protein. Red ginger rhizome and avocado leaves extracts showed valuable potential as anti-MRSA agents through the mechanism of inhibition of three resistance-related proteins, as predicted by in silico analysis.