Phytohormones regulate the abiotic stress: An overview of physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses in horticultural crops

Abstract

Recent changing patterns of global climate have turned out to be a severe hazard to the horticulture crops production. A wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses often affect plants due to their sessile nature. Horticultural crop losses are mainly caused by abiotic factors such as drought, salt, heat, cold, floods, and ultraviolet radiation. For coping up with these adversities, well-developed mechanisms have been evolved in plants, which play a role in perceiving stress signals and enabling optimal growth responses. Interestingly, the use of phytohormones for suppressing the impact of abiotic stress has gained much attention in recent decades. For circumvention of stress at various levels, including physiological, molecular, as well as biochemical, a sophisticated mechanism is reported to be provided by the phytohormones, thus labeling these phytohormones a significant role in plant growth and development. Phytohormones can improves tolerance against abiotic stresses by increasing seed germination, seedling growth, leaf photosynthesis, root growth, and antioxidant enzymes and reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, malonaldehyde, and electrolyte leakage. Recent discoveries highlight the significant role of a variety of phytohormones including melatonin (MEL), Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), brassinosteroids (BRs), and strigolactones (SLs) in abiotic stress tolerance enhancement of horticultural plants. Thus, current review is aimed to summarize the developmental concepts regarding role of phytohormones in abiotic-stress mitigation, mainly in horticultural crops, along with the description of recent studies which identified the role of different phytohormones in stressed environments. Hence, such a review will help in paving the path for sustainable agriculture growth via involvement of phytohormones in enhancement of abiotic stress tolerance of horticultural crops.

Silicon’s Influence on Polyphenol and Flavonoid Profiles in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under Cadmium Exposure in Hydroponics: A Study of Metabolomics, Extraction Efficacy, and Antimicrobial Properties of Extracts

“…, on photosynthesis, by protecting the photosynthetic machinery and regulating photosynthesis-related genes or directly enhancing plant antioxidant defenses and reducing oxidative stress by limiting ROS production . Additionally, other methods, such as the use of phytohormones, beneficial bacteria like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), or nanoparticles, have also been explored. − Plant species and environmental conditions can determine the effectiveness of these approaches. Moreover, each of them has its own advantages and limitations.…”

“…Moreover, each of them has its own advantages and limitations. The phytohormones are involved in complex regulatory processes and interactions with other signaling molecules and, therefore, can produce variable results . Similarly, bacteria application may be difficult because it depends on the specific bacterial strains and plant species .…”

“… 67 Additionally, other methods, such as the use of phytohormones, beneficial bacteria like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), or nanoparticles, have also been explored. 70 − 72 Plant species and environmental conditions can determine the effectiveness of these approaches. Moreover, each of them has its own advantages and limitations.…”

“…The phytohormones are involved in complex regulatory processes and interactions with other signaling molecules and, therefore, can produce variable results. 72 Similarly, bacteria application may be difficult because it depends on the specific bacterial strains and plant species. 70 Also, nanoparticles application can induce oxidative stress and cause toxicity.…”

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern of theN-acetylserotonin deacetylase (ASDAC) Gene Family in Orchidaceae

“…In plants, phytohormone such as gibberellins, jasmonate, ethylene, cytokinins, abscisic acid, auxin, and salicylic acid play important roles in regulating growth and development [39, 40] . In this study, the auxin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid responsive elements were found in the promoter regions of most orchid ASDACs .…”