Phytolith assemblage analysis for the identification of rice paddy

Huan, Xiujia; Lü, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29172-5

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…According to the formation mechanism of phytoliths, the available Si in the soil is taken up by rice plants at the roots, usually taking the shape of the plant cell or cell spatium where Si is deposited (Piperno, 1988; Ma, 2003; Neumann, 2003; Song et al, 2016). Thus, the use of Si fertilizer increased the content of effective Si in the soil (Ma et al, 2004; Liu et al, 2006; Cai, 2015) and increased the absorption capacity of Si in the rice (Li et al, 2013c; Seyfferth et al, 2013; Guo et al, 2015; Zuo et al, 2016; Huan et al, 2018), thereby increasing the phytolith content of the rice plant (Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Fertilizer Application Promotes Phytolith Accumulation in Rice Plants

et al. 2019

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In this study, a pot experiment was designed to elucidate the effect of varying dosages of silicon (Si) fertilizer application in Si-deficient and enriched paddy soils on rice phytolith and carbon (C) bio-sequestration within phytoliths (PhytOC). The maximum Si fertilizer dosage treatment (XG3) in the Si-deficit paddy soil resulted in an increase in the rice phytolith content by 100.77% in the stem, 29.46% in the sheath and 36.84% in the leaf compared to treatment without Si fertilizer treatment (CK). However, the maximum Si fertilizer dosage treatment (WG3) in the Si -enriched soil increased the rice phytolith content by only 32.83% in the stem, 27.01% in the sheath and 32.06% in the leaf. Overall, Si fertilizer application significantly ( p < 0.05) increased the content of the rice phytoliths in the stem, leaf and sheath in both the Si-deficient and enriched paddy soils, and the statistical results showed a positive correlation between the amount of Si fertilizer applied and the rice phytolith content, with correlation coefficients of 0.998 ( p < 0.01) in the Si-deficient soil and 0.952 ( p < 0.05) in the Si-enriched soil. In addition, the existence of phytoliths in the stem, leaf, and sheath of rice and its content in the Si-enriched soil were markedly higher than that in the Si-deficient soil. Therefore, Si fertilizer application helped to improve the phytolith content of the rice plant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Fertilizer Application Promotes Phytolith Accumulation in Rice Plants

et al. 2019

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“…In grasses, the long cells and stomatal cells (sensitive morphotypes) which show a quantifiable difference in production in Triticum aestivum , Triticum dicoccum , Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum aegiceras grown in controlled dry and wet conditions (Madella et al 2009) and Triticum durum and Hordeum vulgare grown in agricultural fields (Jenkins et al 2011, 2016). This pattern has been demonstrated to apply to rice using modern field samples from India (Weisskopf et al 2015) and China (Huan et al 2018), as well as archaeological samples from both field and cultural contexts in Neolithic China by Weisskopf et al 2015). ‘Sensitive’ morphotypes have been proven to be represented in higher proportions from archaeological sites with irrigated rice cultivation systems compared to drier rice cultivation systems (Weisskopf et al 2015).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Dry, rainfed or irrigated? Reevaluating the role and development of rice agriculture in Iron Age-Early Historic South India using archaeobotanical approaches

Kingwell-Banham

2019

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Domestic rice agriculture had spread across the mainland Indian subcontinent by c.500 BC. The initial spread of rice outside the core zone of the central Gangetic Plains is thought to have been limited by climatic constraints, particularly seasonal rainfall levels, and so the later spread of rice into the dry regions of South India is largely supposed to have relied on irrigation. This has been associated with the development of ritual water features in the Iron Age (c.1000–500 BC), and to the subsequent development of tanks (reservoirs) during the period of Early Historic state development (c.500 BC–500 AD). The identification of early irrigation systems within South Asia has largely relied on early historical texts, and not on direct archaeological evidence. This initial investigation attempts to identify irrigated rice cultivation in the Indian subcontinent by directly examining rice crop remains (phytolith and macrobotanical data) from four sites. The evidence presented here shows that, contrary to accepted narratives, rice agriculture in the Iron Age-Early Historic South India may not have been supported by irrigated paddy fields, but may have relied on seasonal rainfall as elsewhere in the subcontinent. More caution is urged, therefore, when using terms related to ‘irrigation’ and ‘agricultural intensification’ in discussions of the Iron Age and Early Historic South Asia and the related developments of urbanism and state polities.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s12520-019-00795-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Analyzing phytolith assemblages from surface soils from wild plant fields, cultivated fields, and non-cultivated fields can be a discriminatory procedure in this regard, as observed in paddy fields in China [228]. Huan, et al [229] successfully distinguished between wild and cultivated rice. In another study, wild (17.46% ± 8.29%) and cultivated rice (63.70% ± 9.22%) were distinguished based on the proportion of bulliform phytoliths with ≥9 fish-scale decorations [104].…”

Section: Functions Of Phytolithsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytolith Formation in Plants: From Soil to Cell

Nawaz

Zakharenko

Zemchenko

et al. 2019

Plants

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Silica is deposited extra- and intracellularly in plants in solid form, as phytoliths. Phytoliths have emerged as accepted taxonomic tools and proxies for reconstructing ancient flora, agricultural economies, environment, and climate. The discovery of silicon transporter genes has aided in the understanding of the mechanism of silicon transport and deposition within the plant body and reconstructing plant phylogeny that is based on the ability of plants to accumulate silica. However, a precise understanding of the process of silica deposition and the formation of phytoliths is still an enigma and the information regarding the proteins that are involved in plant biosilicification is still scarce. With the observation of various shapes and morphologies of phytoliths, it is essential to understand which factors control this mechanism. During the last two decades, significant research has been done in this regard and silicon research has expanded as an Earth-life science superdiscipline. We review and integrate the recent knowledge and concepts on the uptake and transport of silica and its deposition as phytoliths in plants. We also discuss how different factors define the shape, size, and chemistry of the phytoliths and how biosilicification evolved in plants. The role of channel-type and efflux silicon transporters, proline-rich proteins, and siliplant1 protein in transport and deposition of silica is presented. The role of phytoliths against biotic and abiotic stress, as mechanical barriers, and their use as taxonomic tools and proxies, is highlighted.

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Phytolith assemblage analysis for the identification of rice paddy

Cited by 20 publications

References 49 publications

Silicon Fertilizer Application Promotes Phytolith Accumulation in Rice Plants

Silicon Fertilizer Application Promotes Phytolith Accumulation in Rice Plants

Dry, rainfed or irrigated? Reevaluating the role and development of rice agriculture in Iron Age-Early Historic South India using archaeobotanical approaches

Phytolith Formation in Plants: From Soil to Cell

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