Phytophage effects on primary production, nutrient turnover, and litter decomposition of young Douglas-fir in western Oregon

Schowalter, Timothy D.; Sabin, Thomas E.; Stafford, Susan G.; Sexton, Jay

doi:10.1016/0378-1127(91)90027-s

Cited by 65 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, especially under mass outbreak situations the canopy appears rather as a sink for inorganic N species and presumably as a source for DON due to microbialmediated transformation processes. In conclusion, the population ecology of phytophagous insects allows partly to explain temporal-spatial alterations in nutrient cycling and thus ecosystem functioning (Schowalter 2000;Wardle, et al 2000;Michalzik and Stadler 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…insect pellets, honeydew) (Chapman et al 2003;Hunter 2001;Schowalter et al 1991;Stadler et al 2001). Through this transformation, herbivorous insects may promote mineralisation activity, leading to accelerated decomposition rates and hence to an intensified release of nutrients and carbon (Ritchie et al 1998;Chapman et al 2003;Lovett and Ruesink 1995;Stadler et al 2001;le Mellec et al 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the determination of driving factors-like biological agents-governing nutrient fluxes and fluctuations in different ecosystem strata, might partly explain the sudden occurrence of temporal-spatial alterations in nutrient cycling and thus ecosystem functioning (Schowalter 2000;Wardle et al 2000;Michalzik and Stadler 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Insect herbivory, organic matter deposition and effects on belowground organic matter fluxes in a central European oak forest

2011

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Apart from the forest floor, the canopy of forested ecosystems functions as the second most important source for dissolved and particulate fractions of organic and inorganic C and N compounds. However, under mass outbreak situations of insect herbivores this flux path of organic matter is considerably intensified clearly exceeding C and N fluxes from the forest floor. In this paper we report on herbivore-altered C and N fluxes from the canopy to the forest floor and effects on forest floor nutrient fluxes during severe defoliating herbivory of the winter moth (Operophtera brumata) and the mottled umber moth (Eranis defoliaria) in an oak forest in Germany. Over the course of 6.5 months we followed the C and N fluxes with bulk deposition, throughfall solution, insect frass deposits (green-fall together with insect faeces) and with forest floor solution in an 117-yr-old oak (Quercus petraea) forest. Compared to the control, herbivore defoliation significantly enhanced throughfall inputs of total and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen by a factor of 3 and 2.5 (for TOC and DOC), and by 1.4 and 1.3 times (for TNb and DNb), respectively. Frass plus green-fall C and N fluxes peaked in May with 592 kg Cha −1 and 33.5 kg N ha −1 representing 79.6% (for C) and 78.3% (for N) of the total C and N input over 2.5 months. The quantitative and qualitative C and N input via faeces and litter deposition significantly differ between the insect affected and non-affected site. However, the C and N fluxes with throughfall did not significantly correlate with forest floor leachates. In this context, forest floor fluxes of TOC, DOC and NO 3 -N were significantly lower at the infested site compared to the control, whereas fluxes of NH 4 -N together with DON were significantly higher. The study demonstrates the importance of linking the population and associated frass dynamics of herbivorous insects with the cycling of nutrients and organic matter in forest ecosystems, highlighting the remarkable alterations in the timing, amounts and nature of organic matter dynamics on the ecosystem level. Consequently, the ecology of phytophagous insects allows partly to explain temporal-spatial alterations in nutrient cycling and thus ecosystem functioning.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Insect herbivory, organic matter deposition and effects on belowground organic matter fluxes in a central European oak forest

2011

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“…Fragmentation of green foliage material results in ''greenfall'' that has substantially higher nutrient concentrations than does senescent foliage Crossley 1988, 1993;Lodge et al 1991;Whigham et al 1991;Cuevas and Lugo 1998;Herbert et al 1999;Fonte and Schowalter 2004), from which nutrients have been retranslocated by the plant (Marschner 1995). Foliage fragmentation also increases leaching of nutrients, resulting in enrichment of throughfall (precipitation percolating through the canopy to the forest floor) (Kimmins 1972;Seastedt et al 1983;Schowalter et al 1991). Finally, insect tissues and feces (frass) have high nutrient concentrations relative to other litterfall components and have been shown to accelerate nutrient fluxes to soil in temperate forests (Seastedt and Tate 1981;Schowalter and Crossley 1983;Hollinger 1986;Reynolds and Hunter 2001;Hunter et al 2003;Frost and Hunter 2004, 2007, 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of manipulated herbivore inputs on nutrient flux and decomposition in a tropical rainforest in Puerto Rico

et al. 2011

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Forest canopy herbivores are known to increase rates of nutrient fluxes to the forest floor in a number of temperate and boreal forests, but few studies have measured effects of herbivore-enhanced nutrient fluxes in tropical forests. We simulated herbivore-induced fluxes in a tropical rainforest in Puerto Rico by augmenting greenfall (fresh foliage fragments), frassfall (insect feces), and throughfall (precipitation enriched with foliar leachates) in replicated experimental plots on the forest floor. Background rates of greenfall and frassfall were measured monthly using litterfall collectors and augmented by adding 10× greenfall or 10× frassfall to designated plots. Throughfall fluxes of NH(4), NO(3) and PO(4) (but not water) were doubled in treatment plots, based on published rates of fluxes of these nutrients in throughfall. Control plots received only background flux rates for these compounds but the same minimum amount of distilled water. We evaluated treatment effects as changes in flux rates for NO(3), NH(4) and PO(4), measured as decomposition rate of leaf litter in litterbags and as adsorption in ion-exchange resin bags at the litter-soil interface. Frass addition significantly increased NO(3) and NH(4) fluxes, and frass and throughfall additions significantly reduced decay rate, compared to controls. Reduced decay rate suggests that nitrogen flux was sufficient to inhibit microbial decomposition activity. Our treatments represented fluxes expected from low-moderate herbivore outbreaks and demonstrated that herbivores, at these outbreak levels, increase ecosystem-level N and P fluxes by >30% in this tropical rainforest.

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“…Andrews Experimental Forest LTER site in Oregon (Schowalter 1995)-indicated that Lepidoptera consistently decrease in abundance and Hemiptera consistently increase in abundance following canopy-opening disturbances. Similarly, manipulation of herbivore abundance or herbivore inputs to litter at these three sites indicated similar effects on nutrient fluxes (Seastedt et al1983, Schowalter et al 1991, Reynolds and Hunter 2001, Fonte and Schowalter 2005, Frost and Hunter 2007.…”

Section: Cross-site Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term Entomological Research on Canopy Arthropods in a Tropical Rainforest in Puerto Rico

Schowalter

2017

American Entomologist

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Phytophage effects on primary production, nutrient turnover, and litter decomposition of young Douglas-fir in western Oregon

Cited by 65 publications

References 16 publications

Insect herbivory, organic matter deposition and effects on belowground organic matter fluxes in a central European oak forest

Insect herbivory, organic matter deposition and effects on belowground organic matter fluxes in a central European oak forest

Effects of manipulated herbivore inputs on nutrient flux and decomposition in a tropical rainforest in Puerto Rico

Long-term Entomological Research on Canopy Arthropods in a Tropical Rainforest in Puerto Rico

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