Phytophthora ramorum: one pathogen and many diseases, an emerging threat to forest ecosystems and ornamental plant life

Appiah, Alex A.; Jennings, Phil; Turner, Judith A.

doi:10.1017/s0269915x04004136

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Forest Ecology and Management 231 (2006) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Significant genotypic and phenotypic differences exist between North American and European strains (Brasier, 2003). In Europe, infected tree and non-tree hosts have only been detected in horticultural nurseries, public gardens, and municipal woodlands, some approaching the size of forests Appiah et al, 2004). Within the United States, extensive surveys through 2004 indicated that the primary geographic distribution of affected forests remained limited to 14 counties around San Francisco, CA with Solano county being the most inland (Rizzo et al, 2002a;Kelly, 2004;Guo et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential climatic suitability for establishment of Phytophthora ramorum within the contiguous United States

Venette¹,

Cohen²

2006

Forest Ecology and Management

107

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential climatic suitability for establishment of Phytophthora ramorum within the contiguous United States

Venette¹,

Cohen²

2006

Forest Ecology and Management

107

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“…Oomycetes are fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms that are aggressive pathogens of plants and animals. The genus Phytophthora consists of over 60 different species; all but three species are plant pathogens and are responsible for the most serious diseases of dicotyledonous plants, including potato late blight and sudden oak death (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996;Appiah et al, 2004). Oomycetes and true fungi employ similar infection strategies but are different in their cell walls (Badreddine et al, 2008); thus, they are resistant to most fungicides (http://www.frac.info).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered Polyamine Catabolism Preinduces Tolerance of Tobacco to Bacteria and Oomycetes

Moschou

Sarris²,

Skandalis³

et al. 2009

Plant Physiology

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Polyamine oxidase (PAO) catalyzes the oxidative catabolism of spermidine and spermine, generating hydrogen peroxide. In wild-type tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'Xanthi') plants, infection by the compatible pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci resulted in increased PAO gene and corresponding PAO enzyme activities; polyamine homeostasis was maintained by induction of the arginine decarboxylase pathway and spermine was excreted into the apoplast, where it was oxidized by the enhanced apoplastic PAO, resulting in higher hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Moreover, plants overexpressing PAO showed preinduced disease tolerance against the biotrophic bacterium P. syringae pv tabaci and the hemibiotrophic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae but not against the Cucumber mosaic virus. Furthermore, in transgenic PAO-overexpressing plants, systemic acquired resistance marker genes as well as a pronounced increase in the cell wall-based defense were found before inoculation. These results reveal that PAO is a nodal point in a specific apoplast-localized plant-pathogen interaction, which also signals parallel defense responses, thus preventing pathogen colonization. This strategy presents a novel approach for producing transgenic plants resistant to a broad spectrum of plant pathogens.

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“…This pathogen also causes ramorum leaf blight and dieback on a range of other plant species (9) and can have a profound and devastating effect on forest ecosystems. A distinct population of the same pathogen (6,35) is found in a number of European countries (10,20,23,37), mostly causing dieback and leaf blight on a range of ornamental plants in nurseries and landscaped areas (2). There have also recently been a number of incidences of lethal bark cankers caused by P. ramorum in native and nonnative trees in Europe (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Site DNA Extraction and Real-Time PCR for Detection of Phytophthora ramorum in the Field

Tomlinson¹,

Boonham²,

Hughes³

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

121

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Phytophthora ramorum is a recently described pathogen causing oak mortality (sudden oak death) in forests in coastal areas of California and southern Oregon and dieback and leaf blight in a range of tree, shrub, and herbaceous species in the United States and Europe. Due to the threat posed by this organism, stringent quarantine regulations are in place, which restrict the movement of a number of hosts. Fast and accurate diagnostic tests are required in order to characterize the distribution of P. ramorum, prevent its introduction into pathogen-free areas, and minimize its spread within affected areas. However, sending samples to a laboratory for testing can cause a substantial delay between sampling and diagnosis. A rapid and simple DNA extraction method was developed for use at the point of sampling and used to extract DNAs from symptomatic foliage and stems in the field. A sensitive and specific single-round real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay for P. ramorum was performed using a portable real-time PCR platform (Cepheid SmartCycler II), and a costeffective method for stabilizing PCR reagents was developed to allow their storage and transportation at room temperature. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a method for DNA extraction and molecular testing for a plant pathogen carried out entirely in the field, independent of any laboratory facilities.Phytophthora ramorum is the causal agent of extensive oak mortality (commonly known as sudden oak death) in coastal forests in California (27) and southern Oregon (12,25). This pathogen also causes ramorum leaf blight and dieback on a range of other plant species (9) and can have a profound and devastating effect on forest ecosystems. A distinct population of the same pathogen (6, 35) is found in a number of European countries (10,20,23,37), mostly causing dieback and leaf blight on a range of ornamental plants in nurseries and landscaped areas (2). There have also recently been a number of incidences of lethal bark cankers caused by P. ramorum in native and nonnative trees in Europe (7). P. ramorum has a broad and expanding host range (3,4,10,11,19,20,28,31), and as a result of the threat posed to forest ecosystems, the movement of a variety of its host species is subject to restrictions in Europe and the United States. Emergency European Community phytosanitary measures for P. ramorum were introduced in 2002 (1), and in the United States quarantine restrictions at both the federal and state levels control the movement of a variety of plant species from infested areas in California and Oregon (31). The availability of rapid and accurate detection methods for P. ramorum is critical to allow its prevalence to be monitored and to expedite management or eradication steps to prevent its introduction and minimize its spread.The identification of P. ramorum is not possible based on host symptoms alone due to the considerable variation in their expression and because a range of other causes can produce similar symptoms. These include infections by several other Phyt...

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Phytophthora ramorum: one pathogen and many diseases, an emerging threat to forest ecosystems and ornamental plant life

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Potential climatic suitability for establishment of Phytophthora ramorum within the contiguous United States

Potential climatic suitability for establishment of Phytophthora ramorum within the contiguous United States

Engineered Polyamine Catabolism Preinduces Tolerance of Tobacco to Bacteria and Oomycetes

On-Site DNA Extraction and Real-Time PCR for Detection of Phytophthora ramorum in the Field

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