Phytophthora Species Associated With Decline and Death of English Walnut in Italy and France

Belisario, A.; Maccaroni, M.; Vettraino, A. M.; Valier, A.; Vannini, Andrea

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2005.705.57

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…1997), P. cinnamomi (B elisario et al . 2001), and more recently P. cambivora , P. citricola , P. cryptogea and P. nicotianae (B elisario et al. 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Juglans species for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi: differences in isolate virulence and response to fosetyl‐Al

Belisario

Galli

Wajnberg³

2009

Forest Pathology

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Phytophthora is considered as an important pathogen on walnut, and severe losses are reported in European as well as in American walnut stands. Though several Phytophthora spp. are known to attack walnut, P. cinnamomi is considered the most virulent and widespread in southern Europe. Up to now, no walnut species or hybrid is known to have a high resistance level towards P. cinnamomi. Efforts are addressed in finding rootstock material graft compatible with English walnut and resistant ⁄ tolerant to P. cinnamomi. The extension of P. cinnamomi lesions on five Juglans species was studied to find out sources of resistance ⁄ tolerance to this pathogen. Walnut species clustered into two main groups, J. hindsii, J. nigra, and J. mandshurica were the less susceptible to the colonization of P. cinnamomi, while J. regia and J. sieboldiana were the most susceptible. On this account, J. mandshurica represents the best alternative as rootstock because its employment overcomes the risk of the occurrence of black line disease, it has good level of resistance to Agrobacterium temefaciens and Brenneria nigrifluens, and it is tolerant to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis. J. mandshurica is also compatible in crosspollinations with J. regia and J. nigra. Differences in virulence of P. cinnamomi isolates was assessed and a marked interaction between species and isolate emerged. Treatment with fosetyl-Al by dipping was mainly efficient in reducing the length P. cinnamomi lesions, and an interaction between species and treatment was evident with the highest efficacy on J. regia and J. sieboldiana.

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“…1997), P. cinnamomi (B elisario et al . 2001), and more recently P. cambivora , P. citricola , P. cryptogea and P. nicotianae (B elisario et al. 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Juglans species for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi: differences in isolate virulence and response to fosetyl‐Al

Belisario

Galli

Wajnberg³

2009

Forest Pathology

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“…Phytophthora cinnamomi has caused root and crown rot of walnut in France, Italy and USA (Mircetich and Matheron ; Belisario et al. ). It was the most aggressive species on walnut among five Phytophthora species tested (Vettraino et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…were recovered from walnut in France, Hungary, Iran, Italy and USA (Mircetich and Matheron ; Matheron and Mircetich ; Banihashemi and Ghaderi ; Belisario et al. ; Beckerman and Ruhl ; Szabó and Lakatos ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phytophthora cactorum, P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, P. megasperma, P. nicotianae and unidentified Phytophthora spp. were recovered from walnut in France, Hungary, Iran, Italy and USA (Mircetich and Matheron 1983;Matheron and Mircetich 1985;Banihashemi and Ghaderi 2006;Belisario et al 2006;Beckerman and Ruhl 2007;Szabo´and Lakatos 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phytophthora cinnamomi Associated with Root and Crown Rot of Walnut in Turkey

Kurbetli¹

2012

Journal of Phytopathology

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Walnut decline caused by Phytophthora sp. occurred in an orchard in Sakarya province in Turkey. Affected young trees showed poor growth, leaf discolouration, root and crown rot and eventual death. A Phytophthora sp. isolated from necrotic taproots and crown tissues. The causal agent of the disease was identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi by morphological characteristics and comparing sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Upon conducting pathogenicity test, averaging 7.8‐cm‐long canker developed on basal stem within 2 weeks, while no cankers developed in the control plants.

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“…In Western Australia, at least 54% of the native flora are susceptible to P. cinnamomi (Shearer et al 2004, Shearer & Dillon 1995. In Southern Europe, P. cinnamomi causes wide spread decline of Quercus suber L. and Q. ilex L. (Brasier et al 1993, Brasier 1996, Robin et al 1998, Moreira & Martins 2005, root rot in Juglans regia L. (Belisario et al 2006) and in combination with P. cambivora (Petri) Buisman, the devastating ink disease of Castanea sativa Mill. (Vettraino et al 2005).…”

Section: Typical Features Of Phytophthoramentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytophthora in Finnish nurseries

Rytkönen¹

2011

Diss. For.

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International trade and travel have facilitated the spread of harmful organisms around the world. Human-mediated movement of plants and plant products is now generally accepted to be the primary mode of introduction of pathogens and pests. Species of Phytophthora, a genus of plant pathogens, are commonly spread in this way and have caused severe epidemics in silviculture, horticulture and natural systems all over the world.The objective of the study was to gather information on the occurrence of Phytophthora spp. in Finnish nurseries. Furthermore, the aim was to produce information for risk assessments for these Phytophthora spp. and establish molecular means for their detection. Phytophthora cactorum was found to persist in natural waterbodies and results suggest that irrigation water might be a source of inoculum for the disease in nurseries. In addition to P. cactorum, isolates from ornamental Rhododendron in nurseries yielded three species new to Finland: P. ramorum, P. plurivora and P. pini. The only species with quarantine status, P. ramorum, was able to persist in the nursery in spite of an annual European Commission sanitation protocol. Phytophthora plurivora and the closely related P. pini had more hosts among Nordic tree species and other plants abundant in Finnish nurseries and forest ecosystems. They were also found to have higher infectivity rates compared to P. ramorum and P. cactorum. All four species survived two weeks in -5 °C , and thus soil survival of these Phytophthoras in Finland is likely under current climatic conditions.The most common tree species in Finnish nurseries, Picea abies, was highly susceptible to P. plurivora and P. pini in pathogenicity trials. In a histological examination of P. abies shoot tissues inoculated with P. plurivora zoospores, fast necrotrophic growth was observed in nearly all tissues of the fresh shoot. The production of propagules in P. abies shoot tissue was only weakly indicated.In this study, a PCR-DGGE technique was developed for simultaneous detection and identification of Phytophthora spp. It reliably detected Phytophthora in plant tissues and could discriminate most test species as well as indicate instances of multiple-species infections. It proved to be a useful detection and identification tool either applied alone or in concert with traditional isolation culture techniques. The limitations of the method are also discussed.In conclusion, all of the introduced species of Phytophthora had properties that promote a high risk of establishment and spread in Finland. The efficient transport of Phytophthora via commercial traffic and favorable conditions due to expected climate change will increase the incidence and establishment of Phytophthora in new areas. Thus, it is probable that pathogens of this genus will be introduced and become established in Finland and other Nordic countries unless efficient phytosanitary control becomes standard practice in the international plant trade.Keywords: Phytophthora, pathogenicity, survival, molecular detectio...

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Phytophthora Species Associated With Decline and Death of English Walnut in Italy and France

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of Juglans species for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi: differences in isolate virulence and response to fosetyl‐Al

Evaluation of Juglans species for resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi: differences in isolate virulence and response to fosetyl‐Al

Phytophthora cinnamomi Associated with Root and Crown Rot of Walnut in Turkey

Phytophthora in Finnish nurseries

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