Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea

Arrigo, Kevin R.; Perovich, Donald K.; Pickart, Robert S.; Brown, Zachary W.; Dijken, Gert L. van; Lowry, Kate E.; Mills, Matthew M.; Palmer, Molly A.; Balch, William M.; Bates, Nicholas R.; Benitez-Nelson, Claudia R.; Brownlee, Emily F.; Frey, Karen E.; Laney, Samuel R.; Mathis, Jeremy T.; Matsuoka, Atsushi; Mitchell, B. Greg; Moore, G. W. K.; Reynolds, Rick A.; Sosik, Heidi M.; Swift, James H.

doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018

Cited by 214 publications

(234 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Typically, the relative areal melt pond coverage increases at an exponential rate, peaking at 20-50% (Eicken et al 2002), thereby strongly reducing the overall sea ice albedo Perovich and Polashenski 2012). Hence, melt ponds enhance light availability within and below the sea ice (Nicolaus et al 2012), which stimulates the light-limited biological productivity and can lead to early nutrient depletion in surface waters before ice brake-up (Arrigo et al 2014). The ponds in themselves also represent a microbial habitat (Bursa 1963), but the results of the so far few available studies reflect a wide range of productivity in these melt ponds, from almost insignificant production (Mundy et al 2011;Fernández-Méndez et al 2015) to highly productive ponds covered by microbial mats and aggregates (Lee et al 2011;Fernández-Méndez et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds

et al. 2017

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addition compared with their respective controls, with the largest increase occurring in the enclosures. Separate additions of PO 4 3− and NO 3 − in the enclosures led to intermediate increases in productivity, suggesting co-limitation of nutrients. Bacterial production and the biovolume of ciliates, which were the dominant grazers, were positively correlated with primary production, showing a tight coupling between primary production and both microbial activity and ciliate grazing. To our knowledge, this study is the first to ascertain nutrient limitation in melt ponds. We also document that the addition of nutrients, although at relative high concentrations, can stimulate biological productivity at several trophic levels. Given the projected increase in first-year ice, increased melt pond coverage during the Arctic spring and potential additional nutrient supply from, e.g. terrestrial sources imply that biological activity of melt ponds may become increasingly important for the sympagic carbon cycling in the future Arctic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds

et al. 2017

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“…This database consisted of the ARCSS-PP data set , available at NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) (http://www.nodc.noaa. gov/cgi-bin/OAS/prd/accession/details/ 63065), and more recent international polar research activities such as CASES (2004) [Brugel et al, 2009;Tremblay et al, 2011], ArcticNet ( -2008( ) (M. Gosselin, personal communication, 2014, K-PORT (2007K-PORT ( , 2008, and 2010) (S. H. Lee, personal communication, 2014), CFL (2008) [Mundy et al, 2009;Sallon et al, 2011], ICE-CHASER (2008 [Charalampopoulou et al, 2011], JOIS (2009 [Yun et al, 2012], RUSALCA (2009) [Arrigo et al, 2014]. These recent data were primarily collected in the Pacificsector of the Arctic Ocean ( Figure 1c).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models

Lee

Matrai

Friedrichs

et al. 2016

J. Geophys. Res. Oceans

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The relative skill of 21 regional and global biogeochemical models was assessed in terms of how well the models reproduced observed net primary productivity (NPP) and environmental variables such as nitrate concentration (NO3), mixed layer depth (MLD), euphotic layer depth (Zeu), and sea ice concentration, by comparing results against a newly updated, quality‐controlled in situ NPP database for the Arctic Ocean (1959–2011). The models broadly captured the spatial features of integrated NPP (iNPP) on a pan‐Arctic scale. Most models underestimated iNPP by varying degrees in spite of overestimating surface NO3, MLD, and Zeu throughout the regions. Among the models, iNPP exhibited little difference over sea ice condition (ice‐free versus ice‐influenced) and bottom depth (shelf versus deep ocean). The models performed relatively well for the most recent decade and toward the end of Arctic summer. In the Barents and Greenland Seas, regional model skill of surface NO3 was best associated with how well MLD was reproduced. Regionally, iNPP was relatively well simulated in the Beaufort Sea and the central Arctic Basin, where in situ NPP is low and nutrients are mostly depleted. Models performed less well at simulating iNPP in the Greenland and Chukchi Seas, despite the higher model skill in MLD and sea ice concentration, respectively. iNPP model skill was constrained by different factors in different Arctic Ocean regions. Our study suggests that better parameterization of biological and ecological microbial rates (phytoplankton growth and zooplankton grazing) are needed for improved Arctic Ocean biogeochemical modeling.

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“…The increased duration of growth will result in increased annual production. The thinning of sea ice could allow more under-ice production, although such production in the Southern Ocean is extremely small (Arrigo et al, 2012(Arrigo et al, , 2014. Available iron in the upper water column during summer is at vanishingly low concentrations at present.…”

Section: Effects Of Advective Changes On Primary Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Projected future reductions in ice cover will increase the amount of irradiance penetrating the water column and the duration of the growing season, both of which will tend to increase primary production (Arrigo and van Dijken, 2011;Arrigo et al, 2012Arrigo et al, , 2014. Increased primary production requires input of additional nutrients into the photic zone through regeneration, vertical mixing, or advection.…”

Section: Effects Of Advective Changes On Primary Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Hunt

Drinkwater

Arrigo

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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a b s t r a c tWe compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmasses, whereas annular circulation patterns in the south tend to isolate Antarctic surface waters from those in the north. These differences influence fundamental aspects of the polar ecosystems from the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice, to the types of organisms, and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Meridional flows in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans transport heat, nutrients, and plankton northward into the Chukchi Sea, the Barents Sea, and the seas off the west coast of Greenland. In the North Atlantic, the advected heat warms the waters of the southern Barents Sea and, with advected nutrients and plankton, supports immense biomasses of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. On the Pacific side of the Arctic, cold waters flowing northward across the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during winter and spring limit the ability of boreal fish species to take advantage of high seasonal production there. Southward flow of cold Arctic waters into sub-Arctic regions of the North Atlantic occurs mainly through Fram Strait with less through the Barents Sea and the Canadian Archipelago. In the Pacific, the transport of Arctic waters and plankton southward through Bering Strait is minimal.In the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts are barriers to the southward dispersal of plankton and pelagic fishes from sub-Antarctic waters, with the consequent evolution of Antarctic zooplankton and fish species largely occurring in isolation from those to the north. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current also disperses biota throughout the Southern Ocean, and as a result, the biota tends to be similar within a given broad latitudinal band. South of the Southern Boundary of the ACC, there is a large-scale divergence that brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. This divergence, along with more localized upwelling regions and deep vertical convection in winter, generates elevated nutrient levels throughout the Antarctic at the end of austral winter. However, such elevated nutrient levels do not support elevated phytoplankton productivity through the entire Southern Ocean, as iron concentrations are rapidly removed to limiting levels by spring blooms in deep waters. However, coastal http://dx

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Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea

Cited by 214 publications

References 79 publications

Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds

Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds

Net primary productivity estimates and environmental variables in the Arctic Ocean: An assessment of coupled physical-biogeochemical models

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

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