Phytoplasma diseases of trees

Marcone, Carmine; Valiunas, D.; Salehi, Mohammad; Mondal, Soma; Sundararaj, R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18694-3.00008-0

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…In the agriculture and horticulture sectors globally, phytoplasma-related diseases lead to extensive yield losses. Many economically important crops, including vegetables, spices, medicinal plants, ornamentals, cash crops, palms, fruit trees, weeds, timber, and shade trees, are affected due to phytoplasma-related diseases ( Lee et al, 2000 ; Rao et al, 2017 , 2018 ; Duduk et al, 2018 ; Bertaccini, 2022 ; Brooks et al, 2022 ; Sundararaj et al, 2022 ; Marcone et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From sequences to species: Charting the phytoplasma classification and taxonomy in the era of taxogenomics

Kirdat

Tiwarekar²,

Sathe³

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Phytoplasma taxonomy has been a topic of discussion for the last two and half decades. Since the Japanese scientists discovered the phytoplasma bodies in 1967, the phytoplasma taxonomy was limited to disease symptomology for a long time. The advances in DNA-based markers and sequencing improved phytoplasma classification. In 2004, the International Research Programme on Comparative Mycoplasmology (IRPCM)- Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma taxonomy group provided the description of the provisional genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ with guidelines to describe the new provisional phytoplasma species. The unintentional consequences of these guidelines led to the description of many phytoplasma species where species characterization was restricted to a partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene alone. Additionally, the lack of a complete set of housekeeping gene sequences or genome sequences, as well as the heterogeneity among closely related phytoplasmas limited the development of a comprehensive Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) system. To address these issues, researchers tried deducing the definition of phytoplasma species using phytoplasmas genome sequences and the average nucleotide identity (ANI). In another attempts, a new phytoplasma species were described based on the Overall Genome relatedness Values (OGRI) values fetched from the genome sequences. These studies align with the attempts to standardize the classification and nomenclature of ‘Candidatus’ bacteria. With a brief historical account of phytoplasma taxonomy and recent developments, this review highlights the current issues and provides recommendations for a comprehensive system for phytoplasma taxonomy until phytoplasma retains ‘Candidatus’ status.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From sequences to species: Charting the phytoplasma classification and taxonomy in the era of taxogenomics

Kirdat

Tiwarekar²,

Sathe³

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Phytoplasmas (kingdom: Bacteria; phylum: Mycoplasmatota) are plant-phloem-or insect-haemolymph-inhabiting vector-borne and graft-transmissible prokaryotes without a cell wall that, unlike other bacteria, cannot be cultured on artificial nutrient media and are restricted to the phloem part of the plant [1][2][3]. They can be transmitted by infected vegetative plant material or by parasitic plants [4,5]. Historical records dating back to ancient China describe the typical symptoms of a phytoplasma infection in green-flowered peonies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clarithromycin Suppresses Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma in Explant Cultures

Semerák,

Sedlák,

Čmejla

2023

Plants

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Apple proliferation, caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, is one of the most important economic threats in the field of apple production. Especially at a young age, infected trees can be affected by excessive bud proliferation and general decline. The fruit quality is also significantly reduced by this disease. To investigate treatment options, we applied a clarithromycin chemotherapy to infected in vitro cultures of ‘Golden Delicious’. With increasing concentrations of clarithromycin in the media, the phytoplasma load decreased rapidly after one month of treatment, but phytotoxicity led to a pronounced mortality at 40 mg/L, which was the highest dose used in our experiment. Out of 45 initial explants, we obtained one negative mericlone and two mericlones with a concentration of phytoplasma DNA at the detection limit of PCR. The culture propagated from the mericlone that tested negative remained phytoplasma-free after 18 months of subculturing. Our results suggest the applicability of macrolide antibiotics against phytoplasma infections in vitro; however, it might be challenging to find the threshold zone where the concentration is sufficient for pathogen elimination, but not lethal for the plant material of different cultivars.

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