Agricultural practices introduce pharmaceutical (PhAC)
residues
into the terrestrial environment, potentially endangering agricultural
crops and human health. This study aimed to evaluate various aspects
related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the lettuce-soil system,
including bioconcentration factors (BCFs), translocation factors (TFs),
ecotoxicological effects, the influence of biochar on the PhAC bioavailability,
persistence in soil, and associated environmental and health risks.
Lettuce (
Lactuca sativa
L.) was exposed
to a mixture of 25 PhACs in two scenarios: initially contaminated
soil (ranging from 0 to 10,000 ng·g
–1
) and
soil irrigated with contaminated water (ranging from 0 to 1000 μg·L
–1
) over a 28-day period. The findings revealed a diverse
range of BCFs (0.068–3.7) and TFs (0.032–0.58), indicating
the uptake and translocation potential of pharmaceuticals by lettuce.
Significant ecotoxicological effects on
L. sativa
, including weight change and increased mortality, were observed
(
p
< 0.05). Interestingly, biochar did not significantly
affect PhAC uptake by
L. sativa
(
p
> 0.05), while it significantly influenced the soil
degradation
kinetics of 12 PhACs (
p
< 0.05). Additionally,
the estimated daily intake of PhACs through the consumption of
L. sativa
suggested negligible health risks, although
concerns arose regarding the potential health risks if other vegetable
sources were similarly contaminated with trace residues. Furthermore,
this study evaluated the environmental risk associated with the emergence
of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in soil, as medium to high. In conclusion,
these findings highlight the multifaceted challenges posed by pharmaceutical
contamination in agricultural environments and emphasize the importance
of proactive measures to mitigate the associated risks to both environmental
and human health.