“…Hence, available bioremediation technologies such as bacterial remediation, mycoremediation, phycoremediation and phytoremediation seen as possible remediation techniques for remediating pollution with less environmental risk (Cristaldi et al, 2017). However, only phytoremediation, the plant-based bioremediation technology, has successfully gained public acceptance as one of the effective techniques due to its simple procedure, low-cost method and environmentally friendly approach (Gunarathne et al, 2019;Kafle et al, 2022;Ng et al, 2020;Sarwar et al, 2017). Correspondingly, many phytoremediation activities have been taken to remediate and recover assorted metals (As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd and Hg) with various types of plants and hyperaccumulators (Constantinescu et al, 2019;Ng et al, 2016;Patra et al, 2019;Radziemska, 2018).…”