Phytosterol: nutritional significance, health benefits, and its uses in poultry and livestock nutrition

Munawar, Mahzaib; Khan, Muhammad Sajjad; Saeed, Muhammad; Younas, Umair; Farag, Mayada R.; Cerbo, Alessandro Di; El‐Shall, Nahed A.; Loschi, Anna Rita; Dhama, Kuldeep; Alagawany, Mahmoud

doi:10.1080/10495398.2022.2099882

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sitosterol has been linked to a variety of biological effects in the context of pharmaceutical research, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, androgenic, antioxidative, antidiabetic, angiogenic, anorexic, antileukemic, chemoprotectant, and neuroprotective [ 20 , 21 , 23 ]. The steroid compound β-sitosterol shows some of the most effective activities against influenza A viruses by suppressing spike glycoproteins [ 23 , 24 ]. Steroids may have a marked and considerable effect on the virus directly in a cell-free state by (i) influencing many stages of the viral replication cycle, including viral adsorption and replication and (ii) inhibiting replication by binding and blocking the active binding sites of hemagglutinin surface proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Steroids may have a marked and considerable effect on the virus directly in a cell-free state by (i) influencing many stages of the viral replication cycle, including viral adsorption and replication and (ii) inhibiting replication by binding and blocking the active binding sites of hemagglutinin surface proteins. These ways for this chemical as antiviral occupy the viral adsorption onto the host cell receptor thus prevent virus adhesion, later inhabit the viral replication inside the host cells, and these targeting the viral particles away from the cell (cell free viricidal effect) [ 20 , 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…β-sitosterol can also be used to improve immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection and to limit the viral invasion into the host cell. The consumption of β-sitosterol and other phytosterols can modify immunity, which is necessary to combat COVID-19 [ 23 , 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This indicates the capacity of α-sitosterol’s to prevent the binding of NDV to RBCs. Based on several studies, it may therefore be concluded that HA is important for viral entrance [ 23 , 28 , 30 ]. This compound (α-sitosterol) had an impact on NDV as the virus enters the host cell through the hemagglutinin protein, which facilitates attachment to glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell surface [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alpha-sitosterol: a new antiviral agent produced by Streptomyces misakiensis and its potential activity against Newcastle disease virus

Abdelaziz,

Tartor,

Barakat

et al. 2024

BMC Vet Res

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Background Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Hence, this study aimed to discover a novel bioactive antiviral agent for controlling NDV. Streptomyces misakiensis was isolated from Egyptian soil and its secondary metabolites were identified using infrared spectroscopy (IR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The inhibitory activity of bioactive metabolite against NDV were examined. Three experimental groups of 10-day-old specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs (SPF-ECEs), including the bioactive metabolite control group, NDV control positive group, and α-sitosterol and NDV mixture-treated group were inoculated. Results α-sitosterol (Ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol), a secondary metabolite of S. misakiensis, completely inhibited hemagglutination (HA) activity of the NDV strain. The HA activity of the NDV strain was 8 log2 and 9 log2 for 0.5 and 0.75% RBCs, respectively. The NDV HA activity for the two concentrations of RBCs was significantly (P < 0.0001) inhibited after α-sitosterol treatment. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) decrease in the log 2 of HA activity, with values of − 0.500 (75%, chicken RBCs) before inoculation in SPF-ECEs and − 1.161 (50%, RBCs) and − 1.403 (75%, RBCs) following SPF-ECE inoculation. Compared to ECEs inoculated with NDV alone, the α-sitosterol-treated group showed improvement in histological lesion ratings for chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) and hepatic tissues. The CAM of the α-sitosterol- inoculated SPF-ECEs was preserved. The epithelial and stromal layers were noticeably thicker with extensive hemorrhages, clogged vasculatures, and certain inflammatory cells in the stroma layer in the NDV group. However, mild edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the CAM of the treated group. ECEs inoculated with α-sitosterol alone showed normal histology of the hepatic acini, central veins, and portal triads. Severe degenerative alterations, including steatosis, clogged sinusoids, and central veins, were observed in ECEs inoculated with NDV. Mild hepatic degenerative alterations, with perivascular round cell infiltration, were observed in the treated group. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to highlight that the potentially bioactive secondary metabolite, α-sitosterol, belonging to the terpene family, has the potential to be a biological weapon against virulent NDV. It could be used for the development of innovative antiviral drugs to control NDV after further clinical investigation.

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