Pickering emulsion stabilized by palm-pressed fiber cellulose nanocrystal extracted by acid hydrolysis-assisted high pressure homogenization

Abstract

Palm pressed fibre (PPF) is a lignocellulose biomass generated from palm oil mill that is rich in cellulose. The present work aimed to combine acid hydrolysis followed by high-pressure homogenisation (HPH) to produce nanocrystal cellulose (CNC) with enhanced physicochemical properties from PPF. PPF was alkaline treated, bleached, acid hydrolysed and homogenised under high pressure condition to prepare CNC. The effects of homogenisation pressure (10, 30, 50, 70 MPa) and cycles (1, 3, 5, 7) on the particle size, zeta potential and rheological properties of CNC produced were investigated. HPH was capable of producing CNC with better stability. Results revealed that utilizing 1 cycle of homogenisation at a pressure of 50 MPa resulted in CNC with the smallest dimension, highest aspect ratio, moderate viscosity and exceptionally high zeta potential. Subsequently, 0.15% (CNC 0.15 -PE) and 0.30% (CNC 0.30 -PE) of CNC was used to stabilise oil-in-water emulsions and their stability was evaluated against different pH, temperature and ionic strength. All the CNC-stabilised emulsions demonstrated good thermal stability. CNC 0.30 -PE exhibited larger droplets but higher stability than CNC 0.15 -PE. In short, CNC with gel like structure has a promising potential to serve as a natural Pickering emulsifier to stabilise oil-in-water emulsion in various food applications.

Stabilization of ginger essential oil Pickering emulsions by pineapple cellulose nanocrystals

“…Thus, the CNC-stabilized GEO-PE exhibited appreciably high stability (creaming index = 0). Previous research has also shown that CNC-stabilized emulsions showed low creaming index for 14 days at a wide range of pH indicating emulsion stability ( Ng et al, 2022 ). CNC increased the stability of the emulsion system by raising the viscosity of the continuous phase which is in accordance with Stoke's law ( Winuprasith and Suphantharika, 2015 ).…”

“…Consequently, the continuous phase may indirectly stabilize the droplets through entrapment. In the continuous phase, the CNC particles could potentially form a network, resulting in an increase in viscosity ( Ng et al, 2022 ). Cellulose crystals seem to influence both the area at the interface, which affects the stability of emulsion ( Meirelles et al, 2020 ).…”

“…The increased stability of emulsion stabilized by a higher concentration of CNC may be due to the formation of depletion-flocculated network in which a three-dimensional network of droplets and unabsorbed (surplus) CNC particles is expected to form ( Winuprasith and Suphantharika, 2015 ). This viscoelastic network immobilizes droplets, inhibits the coalescence of the oil phase, and stabilizes the emulsion system ( Ng et al, 2022 ). CNC can adsorb at the oil-water interface and helps minimize the coalescence and, thus, enhances emulsion stability ( Varanasi et al, 2018 ).…”

Progress in process parameters and mechanism research of polymer emulsion preparation

“…ShiWan 100 prepared Pickering emulsions using the high-pressure homogenization method. The research results indicated that under the influence of different pH, temperature, and ion strengths, all emulsions prepared by high-pressure homogenization exhibited excellent stability.…”

Pickering Emulsion Properties Generated by Nanofibrillated Cellulose Isolated from Oil Palm Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) as a Stabilizer

“…Nanocrystal cellulose (CNC) from palm press fiber also used as pickering particle. CNC was obtained through combination of acid hydrolysis and high-pressure homogenization [21]. Pickering emulsion with 0,3% dosage of CNC exhibits large droplet but having a higher stability.…”